ADVANCED CALCULATOR: A C PROGRAMMING PROJECT WORK

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Anila Kansakar for imparting invaluable knowledge and guidance in C programming language project on the topic of Advance Calculator. Her expertise and encouragement played a pivotal role in shaping the project and broadening my understanding of the subject matter.

I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my dedicated team mates, Member 2, Member 4, and Member 3. Their collaboration, enthusiasm, and commitment significantly contributed to the success of this project. Together, we tackled challenges, brainstormed ideas, and worked tirelessly to achieve our goals.

Furthermore, I am thankful to all those who provided assistance, feedback, and encouragement during the course of this project. Your collective efforts and support have been invaluable in making this endeavor a success.

      Sincerely,

      Member 1
      Member 4
      Member 2
      Member 3      

Figure 1: Flowchart of Simple Calculation …………………………………. 11

Figure 2: Flowchart of Basic Number Check ………………………………. 11

Figure 3: Flowchart of Standard Calculation …………………………….. 12

Figure 4: Flowchart of Electronic Calculation …………………………… 12

Figure 5: Output of Standard Calculation (Matrix Sum) ………………….. 28

Figure 6: Output of Basic Number check (Armstrong) …………………….. 29

Figure 7: Output of Standard Calculation (Quadratic) …………………… 30

Figure 8: Output of Standard Calculation (Complex Subtraction) ………….. 30

Figure 9: Output of Standard Calculation (Matrix Multiplication) ………. 31

Figure 10: Output of Electronic Calculation (Resistance) ……………….. 32

The Advanced Calculator program, a C Programming Project Work, is a comprehensive utility designed to perform a wide range of mathematical operations and analyses. It offers functionalities categorized into four main sections: Simple Calculation, Basic Number Check, Standard Calculation, and Electronic Calculation. Users navigate through the program using a menu-driven interface where they can select specific operations or checks they wish to perform.

Simple Calculation: This section provides basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Basic Number Check: Users can perform checks on numbers to determine if they are prime, palindrome, Armstrong, triangular, or perfect.

Standard Calculation: This section includes advanced mathematical operations such as matrix operations (addition, subtraction, and multiplication), complex number operations, and solving quadratic equations.

Electronic Calculation: This section provides utilities for electronic calculations, including binary to decimal conversion and equivalent resistance calculation. The program features error handling to guide users. Users are prompted to continue, allowing for sequential calculations. Overall, this C Programming Project Work offers a versatile tool for various computations.

In technical education, practical application often surpasses theoretical understanding. As part of the Computer Programming course, students undertook a C Programming Project Work to hone their skills. The objective: to design and implement an “Advanced Calculator” solution.

Over approximately two weeks, students explored advanced C concepts like structures and functions. Guided by lectures and faculty, they navigated complexities, drawing insights from authoHirative texts. Adopting a modular approach, each member contributed to different facets, from functions to module creation. Upon successful programming, rigorous testing ensued to rectify errors. Subsequently, attention turned to completing ancillary project components. Collaborative teamwork was instrumental, underscoring students’ adeptness in translating theory into practical solutions.

1. To learn about the use of user defined function, structure, and array in C.
2. To be able to develop complex programs aimed at solving particular tasks in a practical field as per user’s requirements.
3. To be able to work effectively in a group as a team, sharing different responsibilities.

1.1 Introduction to C:

C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. C is one of the most popular programming languages. It is widely used for implementing application software as well as system software.

C is a structured language made up of a collection of procedures which consists of declarations, statements, and other elements. It uses the English language. C resembles other high-level languages like Pascal and FORTRAN. It gives maximum control and efficiency to the programmer, so it is worldwide appreciated and very common.

C programs have the ability to write concise programs even though a large number of operators are used. C includes a number of extensive library functions to enhance the basic instructions. It also allows a programmer to write additional functions of their own.

Some specific characteristics of C are:

• Non-nestable function definitions.
• Variables may be hidden in nested blocks.
• A preprocessor for macro definition, source code file inclusion, and conditional compilation.
• A relatively small set of reserved keywords.
• Array indexing as a secondary notion, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic.
• Low-level access to computer memory by converting machine addresses to typed pointers.
• C-programs are highly portable.

1.2 Structures of C

C is a structured programming language. It consists of:

• Pre-processor directives
• Variables and function declaration
• Main function
• Other functions

C uses its character set, reserved or keywords, identifier, variables, constants, operators, and punctuators. Each function in a program must contain a function heading, a list of argument declarations, and a compound statement. The compound statement is enclosed within a pair of curly braces i.e. {}. Each expression statement must end with a semi-colon. Comments or remarks can be put anywhere in a program enclosed between /* and */.

1.3 Control Statement:

Logical operation is carried out by several symmetrical or logical statements. There are two types of control statements based on their function.

Selective structure:

Selective structures are used when we have a number of situations where we need to change the order of execution of statements based on a certain condition. The selective statements make a decision to take the right path before changing the order of execution. C provides statements like if and switch for selective structure.

1.3.1 If Statement

The if statement is a powerful decision-making statement and it is used to control the flow of execution of statements. It is a two-way statement and is used in conjunction with an expression.

i. Simple if statement:

The simple if statement is used to conditionally execute a block of code based on whether a test condition is true or false. If the condition is true the block of code is executed, otherwise it is skipped.

if (test expression) {
    statement-block;
}
statement-x;

ii. if-else statement

The if-else statement extends the idea of the if statement by specifying another section of code that should be executed only if the condition is false i.e. conditional branching.

if (test expression) {
    true block statement;
} else {
    false block statement;
}

iii. The switch statement:

C has a built-in multi-way decision statement known as switch. It successively tests the value of an expression against a list of case values. When a match is found, the statement associated with that case is executed.

switch(expression) {
    case constant-1:
        block-1;
        break;
    case constant-2:
        block-2;
        break;
    ...
    default:
        default statement;
}

1.3.2 Looping:

A loop causes a section of code to be repeated for a specified number of times or until some condition holds true. When a condition becomes false, the loop terminates.

i. While loop:

The while loop specifies that a section of code should be executed while a certain condition holds true.

while(test expression) {
    body of loop
}

ii. do-while statement:

In a do-while loop, the condition is tested at the bottom of the loop, so its block of code is always executed at least once.

do {
    body of loop
} while (test expression);

iii. For loop:

The for loop is used to execute a block of code for a fixed number of repetitions.

for (initialization; test expression; update) {
    body of loop;
}

1.3.3 break statement

The break statement is used to jump out of a loop or switch statement, terminating its execution immediately.

break;

1.4 Function:

A function is a self-contained program segment that carries out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program consists of one or more functions. Functions make programs significantly easier to understand, design, debug, and maintain.

Return statement:

A function may or may not send back a value. If it does, it is through the return statement. A function can only return one value per call.

return;

1.4.1 Types of Functions

• Library Functions: Pre-defined functions declared in C header files (e.g., `printf()`).
• User-defined functions: Functions created by the programmer to reduce complexity and reuse code.

1.4.2 Types of function calls:

• Function with return type and arguments.
• Function with no return type and no arguments.
• Function with no return type and arguments.
• Function with return type and no arguments.

Pointers

A pointer is a variable that represents the location (memory address) of a data item. When a pointer variable is declared, its name must be preceded by an asterisk (*).

data_type *pointer_name;

1.5 Structure:

A structure is a user-defined data type that can group variables of different data types under a single name. It is a convenient way of grouping several pieces of related information together.

struct tag_name {
    member 1;
    member 2;
    ...
    member n;
};

2.1 Simple Calculator

1. Start the program and display a welcome menu.
2. Ask the user to choose an operation.
3. Read the user’s choice.
4. Use a switch-case to call the appropriate function (Add, Sub, Multi, Div).
5. If the choice is invalid, display an error message.
6. After the operation, ask the user if they want to continue.
7. If yes, repeat from step 2; otherwise, exit the program.

2.2 Prime Number

1. Start. Ask the user to enter a number.
2. Read the input. If the number is less than or equal to 1, it is not prime.
3. Assume the number is prime (set a flag to true).
4. Loop from 2 up to the square root of the number.
5. If the number is divisible by any number in the loop, it’s not prime (set flag to false).
6. Check the flag: if true, display “The number is prime,” otherwise display “The number is not prime.”

2.3 Palindrome Number

1. Start. Ask the user to enter a number.
2. Read the input and store a copy of the original number.
3. Reverse the digits of the number.
4. Compare the reversed number with the original copy.
5. If they are equal, display “The number is a palindrome.” Otherwise, display “The number is not a palindrome.”

2.4 Armstrong Number

1. Start. Ask the user to enter a number.
2. Read the input and count its number of digits.
3. Initialize a sum variable to zero.
4. Calculate the sum of each digit raised to the power of the total number of digits.
5. If the final sum is equal to the original number, display “The number is an Armstrong number.” Otherwise, display it is not.

2.5 Triangular Number

1. Start. Ask the user to enter a number.
2. Initialize a sum and an index variable to zero.
3. Loop, adding consecutive numbers (1, 2, 3…) to the sum.
4. If the sum equals the input number, it is triangular. Exit the loop.
5. If the sum exceeds the input number, it is not triangular. Exit the loop.

2.6 Perfect Number

1. Start. Ask the user to enter a number.
2. Initialize a variable to store the sum of its proper divisors.
3. Loop from 1 to the number/2 to find all proper divisors.
4. If a number is a divisor, add it to the sum.
5. After the loop, check if the sum of divisors equals the original number.
6. If they are equal, display “The number is a perfect number.” Otherwise, display it is not.

2.7 Matrix Sum

1. Start. Get the dimensions (rows and columns) for two matrices from the user.
2. Check if the dimensions are identical. If not, addition is not possible.
3. Read the elements for the first matrix.
4. Read the elements for the second matrix.
5. Create a result matrix and store the element-wise sum of the two matrices in it.
6. Display the resultant matrix.

2.8 Matrix Subtraction

1. Start. Get the dimensions (rows and columns) for two matrices from the user.
2. Check if the dimensions are identical. If not, subtraction is not possible.
3. Read the elements for the first matrix.
4. Read the elements for the second matrix.
5. Create a result matrix and store the element-wise difference of the two matrices in it.
6. Display the resultant matrix.

2.9 Matrix Multiplication

1. Start. Get dimensions for two matrices.
2. Check if the number of columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows in the second. If not, multiplication is not possible.
3. Read the elements for both matrices.
4. Perform matrix multiplication using the standard algorithm.
5. Store the result in a new matrix and display it.

2.10 Complex Number Sum

1. Start. Get the real and imaginary parts for two complex numbers.
2. Add the real parts together.
3. Add the imaginary parts together.
4. Display the resulting complex number.

2.11 Complex Number Subtraction

1. Start. Get the real and imaginary parts for two complex numbers.
2. Subtract the real part of the second number from the first.
3. Subtract the imaginary part of the second number from the first.
4. Display the resulting complex number.

2.12 Complex Number Multiplication

1. Start. Get the real (r1, r2) and imaginary (i1, i2) parts for two complex numbers.
2. Calculate the new real part: (r1*r2 – i1*i2).
3. Calculate the new imaginary part: (r1*i2 + r2*i1).
4. Display the resulting complex number.

2.13 Quadratic Equation Roots

1. Start. Get coefficients a, b, and c from the user.
2. Calculate the discriminant (d = b^2 – 4ac).
3. If d > 0, calculate and display two distinct real roots.
4. If d = 0, calculate and display one real root.
5. If d < 0, calculate and display two complex roots.

2.14 Binary To Decimal

1. Start. Get a binary number from the user.
2. Initialize decimalNumber = 0 and a base = 1.
3. Iterate through each digit of the binary number from right to left.
4. For each digit, multiply it by the base and add to decimalNumber.
5. Update the base by multiplying it by 2.
6. Display the final decimalNumber.

2.15 Equivalent Resistance

1. Start. Ask the user for the number of resistors.
2. Create an array to store the resistance values.
3. Read each resistance value from the user.
4. Calculate series resistance by summing all values.
5. Calculate parallel resistance by summing the reciprocals of all values, then taking the reciprocal of that sum.
6. Display both the total series and parallel resistance.

Figure 5: Simple Calculations (Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide)

=====Welcome to the Advanced calculator======
1.Simple Calculation
2.Basic Number Check
3.Standard Calculation
4.Electronic Calculation
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 1

1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
Enter your choice:1
How many number you want to enter?3
Enter the number: 2
Enter the number:5
Enter the number: 8
The Addition of the numbers is :15
Enter y to continue:y

1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
Enter your choice:2
Enter the first number: 9
Enter the second number: 6
The Subtraction of the numbers is: 3
Enter y to continue:y

1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
Enter your choice:3
Enter the first number: 3
Enter the second number: 5
The Multiplication of the numbers is: 15
Enter y to continue:y

1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
Enter your choice:4
Enter the two numbers:8 4
The Division of numbers is 2.00

Figure 6: Basic Number Checks (Prime, Palindrome, etc.)

=====Welcome to the Advanced calculator======
...
Enter your choice: 2

1.Prime
2.Palindrome
3.Armstrong
4.Triangular no
5.perfect no
Enter your choice:1
Enter the number: 7
The number is prime
Enter y to continue:y

1.Prime...
Enter your choice:2
Enter the number:121
The number is palindrome
Enter y to continue:y

1.Prime...
Enter your choice:3
Enter the number:153
The number is Armstrong
Enter y to continue:y

1.Prime...
Enter your choice:4
Enter the number: 10
The number is triangular
Enter y to continue:y

1.Prime...
Enter your choice:5
Enter the number: 6
The number is perfect
Enter y to continue:n

Figure 7: Standard Calculations (Matrix Sum & Subtraction)

=====Welcome to the Advanced calculator======
...
Enter your choice: 3

1.Matrix sum
2.Matris Subtraction
...
Enter your choice:1
Enter order of first matrix: 2 2
Enter order of second matrix: 2 2
Enter elements of first matrix:
2 5
8 9
Enter elements of second matrix:
6 5
2 3
Resultant matrix after addition:
8 10 
10 12 
Enter y to continue:y

1.Matrix sum
2.Matris Subtraction
...
Enter your choice:2
Enter order of first matrix: 2 2
Enter order of second matrix: 2 2
Enter elements of first matrix:
4 8
6 5
Enter elements of second matrix:
2 3
4 2
Resultant matrix after subtraction:
2 5 
2 3 

Figure 8: Standard Calculations (Matrix & Complex Numbers)

1.Matrix Sum
...
Enter your choice:3
Enter the number of rows and columns for the first matrix: 2 2
Enter the number of rows and columns for the second matrix: 2 2
Enter elements of the first matrix: 1 2 3 4
Enter elements of the second matrix: 5 2 4 5
Product matrix:
13      12
29      26
Enter y to continue:y

1.Matrix sum
...
Enter your choice:4
Enter the real part of the first complex number: 2
Enter the imaginary part of the first complex number: 5
Enter the real part of the second complex number: 3
Enter the imaginary part of the second complex number: 6
Addition of complex numbers: 5.00 + 11.00i

Figure 9: Standard Calculations (Complex & Quadratic)

1.Matrix sum
...
Enter your choice:6
Enter the real part of the first complex number: 5
Enter the imaginary part of the first complex number: 8
Enter the real part of the second complex number: 3
Enter the imaginary part of the second complex number: 4
Multiplication of complex numbers: -17.00 + 44.00i
Enter y to continue:y

1.Matrix sum
...
Enter your choice:7
Enter coefficients a, b, and c: 2 6 15
Roots are complex and different: -1.50 + 2.29i and -1.50 - 2.29i

Figure 10: Electronic Calculations

=====Welcome to the Advanced calculator======
...
Enter your choice: 4

===== Electronic Calculations =====
1. Conversion of Binary to Decimal
2. Finding Equivalent Resistance in Series and Parallel
Enter your choice: 1
Enter a binary number: 101010101
Decimal equivalent: 341
Enter 'y' if you want to continue...: y

=====Welcome to the Advanced calculator======
...
Enter your choice: 4

===== Electronic Calculations =====
1. Conversion of Binary to Decimal
2. Finding Equivalent Resistance in Series and Parallel
Enter your choice: 2
Enter the number of resistors: 5
Enter resistances in ohms:
Resistor 1: 2
Resistor 2: 8
Resistor 3: 6
Resistor 4: 9
Resistor 5: 64
Total equivalent resistance in series: 89.00 ohms
Total equivalent resistance in parallel: 1.09 ohms

In conclusion, this C Programming Project Work successfully implements an advanced calculator capable of performing various mathematical computations. It offers functionalities ranging from basic arithmetic to more advanced operations such as prime number checking, matrix operations, and complex number arithmetic.

The program includes features for electronic calculations, and each functionality is encapsulated within separate functions, promoting modularity. While the program demonstrates a comprehensive set of features, enhancements such as more robust error handling and optimized algorithms could improve it further. Overall, this project serves as a solid foundation for an advanced calculator application and a valuable exercise in C programming.

The provided C program represents an advanced calculator application. Our team identified several areas for improvement, including error handling, algorithm efficiency, documentation, and code formatting. The following actions were taken:

1. Error Handling Enhancement: Implemented checks for vulnerabilities like division by zero and invalid matrix dimensions.
2. Algorithm Optimization: Recognized and applied opportunities to optimize algorithms for improved performance, such as in prime number checking.
3. Documentation and Comments: Added comprehensive comments to explain the purpose of each function and algorithm complexities.
4. Code Formatting and Style: Emphasized consistency in code formatting, including uniform indentation, variable naming, and spacing.

In summary, through proactive improvements, our team enhanced the robustness, efficiency, and readability of this C Programming Project Work, ensuring it remains a reliable tool.

Books

Baral, D. S., Baral, D., & Baral, S. K. (2008). The secrets of C programming language (1st ed.). Bhudipuran Prakashan.

Shrestha, S. (2006). A reference book on C - Programming.

Websites

GeeksforGeeks. (n.d.). C programming language. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-programming-language/

Programiz. (n.d.). C programming. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.programiz.com/c-programming

W3Schools. (n.d.). C tutorial. Retrieved October 4, 2025, from https://www.w3schools.com/c/index.php