Integrated Health Sciences I (Theory)
Course No.:
BSN 1
Placement:
First Year
Total Hours:
150 Hours
Total Marks:
100 Marks
Course Description
This course is designed to provide knowledge of health sciences related to body systems. The system specific knowledge of health sciences is organized in an integrated approach. The health sciences presented in this course include the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology and pharmacology as they relate to nursing. This course, as part of the complete Integrated Health Sciences I Syllabus, covers general concepts and system related concepts regarding musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood, lymphatic and immune systems. The remaining systems such as cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, nervous, special sensory and integumentary systems are covered in the course “Integrated Health Sciences II”.
Course Objectives
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
Anatomy and Physiology
- Define the terminologies used in anatomy and physiology.
- State the anatomical positions and regions in the body.
- State the different types of tissues and their functions.
- Explain the significance of genetic inheritance.
- Describe the different stages of embryonic development.
- Explain body fluid compartments and mechanism of homeostasis.
- Explain the normal composition of body fluids and mechanism of acid-base balance.
- Describe the structure and function of the human body in relation to musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood and lymphatic systems of the body.
Biochemistry
- Define the terminologies used in biochemistry.
- Describe the scope and importance of biochemistry in nursing.
- Explain the biochemical implications and the metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and protein in the body.
- Describe enzymes and hormones and the mechanism of their action in the body.
- Explain the bio-chemical findings in the normal and diseased conditions of the musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood and lymphatic systems of the body.
Microbiology
- Describe the morphology of bacteria, virus and fungi.
- Describe the common pathogenic organisms and their characteristic features.
- State the factors promoting growth of micro-organisms.
- Describe the methods of collection and transportation of specimens for pathological and cytological examination.
- State the importance of aseptic technique in diagnostic procedures.
- State the different types of immunity and their significance.
- Describe the common organisms affecting the musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood and lymphatic systems of the body.
Pathology
- Explain the concept of cell injury.
- Explain the pathophysiology of hypersensitivity and autoimmune reactions.
- Describe the inflammatory process including its cardinal signs.
- Explain the mechanism of wound healing and regeneration of tissue.
- Differentiate between benign and malignant neoplasia.
- Describe the pathophysiology of the diseases affecting the musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood and lymphatic systems of the body.
Pharmacology
- State the common terminologies and abbreviations used in pharmacology.
- State the different routes of drug administration.
- Explain the concept of drug dependence, intolerance, and resistance.
- Describe the common poisons and their antidotes.
- Describe the legal aspects of drug administration.
- Describe the drugs used in the disease conditions of the musculo-skeletal, gastro-intestinal, respiratory and blood and lymphatic systems of the body.
Syllabus Table of Contents
Quickly navigate to any unit in the Integrated Health Sciences I Syllabus using the links below.
Course Content Details
Unit 1: General Concepts
Anatomy 8 hrs
- Introduction: Definition, subdivisions, anatomical positions and regions of the body.
- Cell structure: Cell plasma and organelles.
- Definition of tissue and types: Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
- Embryology and stages of embryonic development including the development of placenta, cord and membranes.
- Genetic inheritance: Human chromosomes their number, types, and arrangements in cell division, gene structure and role in embryogenesis, chromosomal disorders including malformations, defects and teratogenic agents.
Physiology 4 hrs
- Introduction to physiology: Definition and functional organization of human body.
- Functions of cell: Protein synthesis and cell replication: Mitosis and meiosis and cellular communication.
- Functions of different types of tissues in the body.
- Body fluids and homeostasis: Fluid compartments, concentration of body fluids, movement of substances within body (diffusion and osmosis), determinants of fluid volume, maintenance of fluid volume and acid base balance.
Biochemistry 8 hrs
- Introduction to biochemistry: Definition, scope and importance of biochemistry in nursing.
- Role of cell membrane in biological processes including replication, cell metabolism, and production of energy.
- Body enzymes and their biochemical activities in the body.
- Metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipids and significance of their intermediary metabolism in the body.
- Genes and genetic code.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) technology.
Microbiology 6 hrs
- Introduction to microbiology.
- Historical development of microbiology.
- Classification and morphology of microorganisms: Eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses.
- Normal bacterial flora, pathogens, opportunists, bacterial toxins.
- Factors promoting growth of microorganisms.
- Pathogenesis of microbial diseases.
- Bacteria: Reproduction, metabolism, staining, culture and sensitivity testing and their response in the production of diseases.
- Immune response to infection, type of immunity and their significance.
- Sterilization: Physical, chemical and radiation.
- Collection and transportation of specimens for pathological and cytological examination.
- Serological methods in diagnosing of infectious diseases and aseptic techniques in diagnostic tests.
Pathology 6 hrs
- Introduction to pathology and definition of terms. Cell injury: Causes and mechanism of cell injury.
- Inflammation: Acute and chronic inflammation.
- Hemodynamic disorders: Shock, edema, thrombosis, embolism and infarction, Hypersensitivity reactions/ immunodeficiency diseases (AIDS).
- Neoplasia: Definition, nomenclature, differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Pharmacology 8 hrs
- Introduction to terminologies and abbreviations used in pharmacology.
- Sources of drugs, drug formulations and dosage and routes of administration.
- Calculation of dosage for children.
- Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug; plasma half life and steady state concentration.
- Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action, efficacy, potency, agonist and antagonist.
- Therapeutic drug monitoring.
- Factors modifying drug action.
- Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions.
- Common poisons and their antidotes: Organophosphate, aluminium phosphide, zinc phosphide, kerosene/ petroleum products, acid/ alkali, mushroom, belladonna/ dhatura poisoning, opoid and alcohol.
- Vaccines: Active and passive immunizations.
- Vitamins: Classification and their roles.
- Concept of essential drugs, essential drugs list and classification for different levels.
- Rational use of drugs: Definition, examples of rational and irrational use and impact of irrational use of drugs.
- Drug prescription: Parts of prescription and importance of each part. Emergency drugs: Definition and List of emergency drugs.
Unit 2: Musculo-skeleton System
Anatomy 7 hrs
- Definition of terms: Bones, joints, sutures, cartilage, and fontanels, muscle, tendon and fascia and classification of bones.
- Skeleton and its parts: Axial (skull and vertebral column) and appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limb).
- Axial Bones: Skull: Cranial bones, sutures, fontanelles, sinuses and facial bones. Thoracic cage: Sternum, ribs, and costal cartilage.
- Appendicular bones: Upper extremities including shoulder girdle, and lower extremities including pelvic girdle.
- Joints: Types of joints and their movements.
- Muscles: Skeletal muscles including sterno-cleido-mastoid muscles and thorax, Muscles of upper and lower extremities including deltoid, gluteal, and inguinal muscles and pelvic floor muscles.
- Anatomical spaces: axilla, ante-cubital fossa, popliteal space.
Physiology 4 hrs
- Function of skeleton including vertebral column, and limbs.
- Functions of joint in body movements.
- Contraction of skeletal muscles and their functions.
- Correlation of bone, joint and muscles in motor functions.
- Physiology of the muscle exercises.
Biochemistry 3 hrs
- Biochemistry of muscle contractions.
- Role of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in bone formation; hormonal control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Microbiology 3 hrs
- Staphylococcus and other bacteria causing osteomyelitis, arthritis, gas gangrene and leprosy.
- Viruses causing musculo-skeletal infections.
Pathology 4 hrs
- Rickets.
- Osteomylitis: Pyogenic and tuberculous.
- Osteoarthritis, gout.
- Muscular dystrophy.
- Classification of soft tissue and bone tumors.
Pharmacology 5 hrs
- Neuro-muscular blocking agents and other skeletal muscle relaxants: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS): List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
- Drugs used in gout, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
Unit 3: Gastro-intestinal System
Anatomy 4 hrs
- Structure of gastro-intestinal system (gross and microscopic) and hepato-biliary apparatus (pancreas including islets of langerhans, liver, gall bladder and biliary tract), and peritoneum.
- Developmental anatomy of gastro-intestinal system/ congenital anomalies.
Physiology 4 hrs
- Functions of different parts of gastro-intestinal (GI) system, mechanism of formation of bile juice and contraction of gall bladder.
- Food ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion from the GI system.
- Enzymes of the digestive system.
- Peristalsis and motility of GI tract.
Biochemistry 4 hrs
- Liver, gall bladder function tests.
- Bilirubin metabolism and detoxification.
- Mal-absorption, starvation and obesity.
Microbiology 4 hrs
- Normal bacterial flora of GI tract.
- Pathogenic organisms affecting GI tract: Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, E. coli, Rotavirus.
- Parasites: Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Stronglyides stercoralis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Taenia Solonium.
Pathology 6 hrs
- Oral pathology: pre-cancerous lesions.
- Etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer, TB abdomen, typhoid and Pathology of intestinal obstruction.
- Etiology of cirrhosis of liver, hepatitis, cholecystitis, chole-lithiasis and pancreatitis.
- Pathophysiology of carcinoma of stomach, colon and rectum.
Pharmacology 5 hrs
- Drugs used in GI disorders: (List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects): Acid peptic disorders, helminthiasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, constipation and diarrhoea.
- Emetics, antiemetics: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
- Antispasmodics: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
- Hepato-toxicity of drugs and alteration of drug action in liver disorders.
Unit 4: Respiratory System
Anatomy 4 hrs
- Structure of respiratory tract: Nares, nasal cavities, sinuses, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
- Structure and position of lungs including lobes, pleura, and pleural cavity, Respiratory muscle.
- Blood supply to respiratory system.
Physiology 6 hrs
- Types of respiration (pulmonary and tissue respiration).
- Respiration cycles (inspiration and expiration).
- Functions of lungs, lung volume and capacity.
- Factors influencing respiration, Control of respiration: respiratory center and chemo-receptors.
- Compensatory mechanism of acid base balance.
Biochemistry 3 hrs
- Buffers and their types and functions.
- Acidosis and alkalosis.
- Blood gas analysis and their significance.
Microbiology 5 hrs
- Bacterial infections: Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis.
- Streptococcal pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae.
- Viral respiratory infection.
- Opportunistic infection: pneumocystic carinii.
Pathology 3 hrs
- Pathophysiology of upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infectious Pathophysiology of pneumonia, tuberculosis and lung abscess.
- Etiopathology of COPD (asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and bronchiectasis).
- Lung collapse, pneumothorax and pleural effusion: Definition.
- Tumors of lung.
Pharmacology 5 hrs
- Drugs used in respiratory disorders including their mechanism of action and adverse effects:
- Antibiotics.
- Bronchodilators.
- Antihistamines.
- Nasal decongestants.
- Expectorants.
- Mucolytic agents.
Unit 5: Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System
Anatomy 4 hrs
- Blood: Definition, composition, formation, lifespan and destruction of blood cells.
- Blood groups and Rhesus (Rh) factor.
- Lymph organs and tissue: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.
- Lymph and lymph vessels: Large and small vessels.
Physiology 6 hrs
- Functions of blood plasma and blood cells, transportation of nutrients to cells.
- Mechanism of blood coagulation and role of thrombocytes and vitamin K in blood coagulation.
- Physiological basis of blood transfusion.
- Functions of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.
- Defense substances in the body: Body surface, phagocytes, natural antimicrobial substances and inflammatory responses.
- Reticular-endothelial and immune system: T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
- Types of immunity: Cell-mediated, antibody-mediated and acquired immunity.
- Function of immune system: immune mechanism.
- Hypersensitivity reactions of body to an antigen.
Biochemistry 5 hrs
- Blood pH, hemoglobin, plasma proteins.
- Metabolism of Erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and reticulocytes.
- Anticoagulants and the mechanism of action of oxalate in inhibiting blood coagulation.
- Blood coagulation factors and their properties.
- Biochemical basis of hemorrhagic diseases.
Microbiology/Parasitology 5 hrs
- Bacteria producing: bacteriaemia, and septicemia.
- Malarial parasites, kala-azar (Leishmania donovani).
- Filariasis (Wucheria bancrofti).
- Antigen-antibody reactions, HIV/AIDS.
Pathology 4 hrs
- Anemia: definition and classification.
- Iron deficiency anaemia.
- Megaloblastic anaemia.
- Thrombocytopenia: Definition and etiology.
- Hemophilia: Definition, clinical and lab features.
- Leukaemia: etiology and classification.
- Causes of lymphadenitis.
- Lymphoma: Classification.
Pharmacology 7 hrs
- Drugs used in the treatment of anemia: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects: Haematinics, Folic acid, Cobalamine, Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate.
- Drugs affecting blood coagulation: (List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects): Coagulants and anti-coagulants, thrombolytic agents and anti-platelet drugs.
- Drugs used in tropical diseases: (List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects): Malaria, filaria and Kala-azar.
- Immuno-modulating drugs: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
Teaching and Evaluation
- Teaching Learning Methods: Interactive lecture, group discussion, demonstrations and individual and group work.
- Internal Assessment: Classroom participation, written assignments, written test.
- Final Examination: Written examination.
References
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anderson, J. E. (1978). Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
- Bhatnagar, S. M., Kothari. M. L., Mehta, L. A. & Natarajan, M. (2000). Essentials of Human Embryology. Bangalore: Orient Longman.
- Bijlani, R. L. (1997). Understanding Medical Physiology: A Textbook for Medical Students. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
- Dutta, A. K. (1995). Essentials of Human Embryology. Calcutta: Current Books International.
- Ganong, W. F. (2003). Review of Medical Physiology. Boston: McGraw Hill.
- Guyton, A. C. & Hall, J. E. (2001). Text Book of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
- Mahapatra, A. B. S. (1998). Essentials of Medical Physiology. Calcutta: Current Book International.
- Marieb, E. N. (1998). Human Anatomy and Physiology. California: Addison-Wesley.
- Moore, K. L. & Persaud, T. V. N. (2003). The Developing Human. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
- Sadler, T. W (2000). Langman’s Medical Embryology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Singh, I. (2005). Human Embryology. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd.
- Singh, I. (2005) Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
- Vander, A. J., Sherman, J. H. and Luciano, D. S. (1990). Human Physiology. New York: McGraw Hill.
- Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2003). Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.
Biochemistry
- Devlin, T. M. (2002). Textbook of Biochemistry. New York: Wiley-Liss.
- Murray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A. and Podwell, V. K. (1996). Herper’s Biochemistry. London: Prentice Hall.
- Sathyanarayan, U. (2002). Biochemistry. Kolkota: Books and Allied.
Pathology
- Cella, J. H. and Watson, J. (1989) Nurses’ Manual of Laboratory Tests. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company.
- Chatterjee, K. D. (1997). Parasitology. Calcutta: Chatterjee Medical Publishers.
- Govan, A. D. T., Macfarlane, P. S. & Callander, R. (1991). Pathology Illustrated. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.
- Kumar, V. Cotran, R. S. and Robbins, S. L. (1997) Basic Pathology. USA: W. B. Saunders Co.
Microbiology
- Ananthanarayan, R. and Jayaram Paniker, C. K. (1994). Textbook of Microbiology. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Ltd.
- Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari D. K. (1999). A Textbook of Microbiology. New. Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.
- Panjarathinam, R. (2004). Microbiology for Nurses. Kolkota: New Central Book Agency.
Pharmacology
- Alfaro-LeFevre, R., Bicharz, M. E., Flynn, N. M. & Boyer, M. J. (1991). Drug Handbook: A nursing Process approach. California: Addison-Wesley.
- Lawrence, D. R., Benre, H. P. N. & Brown, M. J. (1999). Clinical Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.
- Mycek, M. J., Harvey, R. A., Champe, P. C., Fisher, B. D. & Cooper, M. (1997). Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
- Trounce, J. and Gould, D. (2000). Clinical Pharmacology for Nurses. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston
- Seth, S. D. (1998 ). Textbook of Pharmacology. New Delhi: Churchill Livingston