Integrated Health Sciences II (Theory)

Unit 1: Cardio-vascular System

Anatomy 4 hrs

• Development of heart and congenital anomalies.
• Heart: Position, gross and microscopic structure and blood vessels entering and going out from the heart, blood supply to heart.
• Blood vessels (artery and vein): Microscopic structure.
• Sites for checking pulse and blood pressure.
• Systemic blood circulation: Systemic blood vessels and blood circulation including pulmonary circulation and portal circulation.

Physiology 6 hrs

• Control of blood flow: Vasodilatation and vasoconstriction.
• Blood supply for internal nutrition and cell nutrition.
• Heart rate and factors affecting heart rate.
• Cardiac cycles and cardiac output.
• Blood pressure: Control of BP, relationship between cardiac output and blood pressure.
• Pulse: Factors affecting pulse rate, relationship between pulse rate and blood pressure.

Biochemistry 4 hrs

• Lipoprotein their types and metabolism.
• Cardiac enzymes and their significance.

Microbiology 3 hrs

• Bacterial endocarditis.
• Streptococcal rheumatic fever.
• Septicemia.

Pathology 4 hrs

• Atherosclerosis, its causes, effects and complications.
• Pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, Berger’s disease, aneurysms.
• Pathology of myocardial infarction.
• Congenital heart diseases: Cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases.
• Rheumatic heart disease.

Pharmacology 4 hrs

• Drugs used in cardiovascular disorders: Cardiac glycosides.
• Anti-angina drugs, anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs and diuretics.
• Drugs used in cardio-vascular shock.

Unit 2: Endocrine System

Anatomy 4 hrs

• Endocrine system and structure of endocrine glands: Pituitary gland and hypothalamus, thyroid gland and parathyroid gland, pancreatic islets of Langerhans, adrenal gland, ovaries and testes.

Physiology 4 hrs

• Hormones and their functions in the body.
• Regulatory mechanism of the secretion of different hormones.
• Stress and general adaptation syndrome.
• Stress and local adaptation syndrome.

Biochemistry 4 hrs

• Biochemical aspects of hormones produced by different glands.

Pathology 6 hrs

• Conditions resulting from abnormal secretion of anterior pituitary hormone: Gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism.
• Conditions resulting from abnormal secretion of thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Grave’s disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
• Tumors of thyroid gland and microscopic features of papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
• Other endocrine related disorders: Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Pharmacology 7 hrs

• Anterior pituitary hormones and their functions.
• Drugs used in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and their mechanism of actions and adverse effects.
• Insulin: Insulin preparations and the differences among the preparations, in regards to mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Oral hypoglycaemic drugs and their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and their functions and adverse effects.

Unit 3: Urinary System

Anatomy 3 hrs

• Structure of urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and male and female urethra.
• Developmental anatomy of uro-genital system.
• Gross and microscopic structure of kidney (nephrones).

Physiology 4 hrs

• Fluid and electrolyte balance and urinary output.
• Mechanism of urine formation and process of micturition.
• Function of urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Biochemistry 4 hrs

• Composition of urine: normal and abnormal constituents.
• Renal function tests.
• Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
• Urine examination for sugar, protein and ketone bodies.

Microbiology 2 hrs

• Pathogens causing UTI.
• Urine collection methods: random specimens, first morning specimens, catheterized specimens, 24 hours specimens, pediatric specimens.

Pathology 4 hrs

• Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure.
• Renal calculi and hydronephrosis.
• Congenital anomalies: Polycystic kidney.
• Urinary tract infection.
• Tumors of kidney and urinary bladder: Renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma.

Pharmacology 6 hrs

• Urinary antiseptics: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Diuretics and anti-diuretics: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Nephrotoxic drugs and precautions to be taken to minimize toxicity.

Unit 4: Reproductive System

Anatomy 4 hrs

• Structure of reproductive system: male (Scrotum, testes, spermatic cords, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland. urethra and external genitalia) and female (external and internal genitalia, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts).

Physiology 3 hrs

• Physiology of the different parts of male and female reproductive system.
• Pubertal changes in male and female.
• Menarche and menopause relation with ovulation.
• Ejaculation of sperms.

Biochemistry 2 hrs

• Biochemical aspects of sex hormones.

Microbiology 6 hrs

• Causative agents of STDs: Bacteria, viruses, parasites.
• Microbial diseases of reproductive system.
• N. gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Chancroid, HIV/AIDS.
• Trichomones vaginalis.
• Candida albicans.

Pathology 4 hrs

• Pelvic inflammatory disorders.
• Tumor of ovary: Classification.
• Pathological features of chronic cervicitis, leiomyoma, cancer of cervix.
• Tumors of breast: Classification.
• Pathological features of fibroadenoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
• Benign prostatic enlargement.

Pharmacology 8 hrs

• Androgens and anabolic steroids: List of drugs and their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Estrogen and progesterone: List of drugs and their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Oral contraceptives: Mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Drugs used to induce labor: List of drugs an their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Ergometrine and other drugs affecting uterine contraction.
• Drugs for treatment of STD: List of drugs and their adverse effects.

Unit 5: Nervous System

Anatomy 4 hrs

• Developmental anatomy of nervous system.
• Structure of central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord.
  • a) Brain: Gross and microscopic structure, meninges, ventricles, cerebro-spinal fluid, cerebrum, mid-brain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum, gray mater and white mater, cranial nerves.
  • b) Spinal cord: Gross and microscopic structure, spinal nerves.
• Autonomic nervous system: Division and structure and neuro-transmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
• Structure of nerve cell (neuron): Sensory and motor nerve cells.

Physiology 5 hrs

• Properties of neuron.
• Function of the brain (Cerebrum, cerebellum, mid-brain, pons and medulla oblongata).
• Reticular formation and its functions.
• Voluntary and involuntary muscle movements Spinal reflex.
• Functions of sensory and motor nervous system.
• Functions of autonomic nervous system and the effect of autonomic stimulation.

Biochemistry 2 hrs

• Biochemistry of cerebro-spinal fluid.
• Neuro-transmitters their types and functions.

Microbiology 3 hrs

• Bacteria and viruses causing meningitis, polio, rabies and tetanus.

Pathology 4 hrs

• Hydrocephalus.
• Cerebro-vascular accidents (Stroke).
• Inflammatory neuropathy.
• Brain tumor classification, astrocytoma.
• Meningitis (viral and bacterial), viral encephalitis, poliomyelitis.
• Peripheral nerve sheath tumor classification and schwannoma.

Pharmacology 8 hrs

• List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects of:
  • Sedatives-hypnotics.
  • Anti-epileptic drugs.
  • Antidepressants.
  • Antipsychotics.
  • Cholinergic / anticholinergic drugs.
  • Adrenergic / Antiadrenergic drugs.
  • General and local anesthetics.
  • Opioid analgesics and antagonists.

Unit 6: Special Sensory and Integumentory System

Anatomy 4 hrs

• Structure of special sensory systems: Eye and ear.
  • a) Eye and its parts including extra-occular muscles and accessory organs namely eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus.
  • b) Ear and its parts: External pinna, auditory canal, middle ear and internal ear and mastoid apparatus.
• Structure of skin including epidermis and dermis.

Physiology 4 hrs

• Physiology of hearing, body balance, sight, taste and smell.
• Function of skin including regulation of body temperature, formation of Vitamin D, sensation, absorption and excretion.
• Wound healing, conditions requiring wound healing, healing by first intention and healing by second intention.

Microbiology 4 hrs

• Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, herpes virus and herpes simplex.
• Microbial infection of eye and ear.

Pathology 5 hrs

• Otitis media.
• Conjuctivitis.
• Classification of eye tumors, retinoblastoma.
• Dermatitis.
• Skin infections.
• Skin tumors: Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.

Pharmacology 7 hrs

• Local application of drugs: Ointments, drops, pastes, lotions, dusting powders.
• Mydriatics and miotics: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
• Antibiotics, antifungal agents, antiviral agents for topical application: List of drugs, mechanism of action and adverse effects.