| 1 |
| Fundamental Concepts of Fluid |
1.1. Definition and characteristics of fluid, Distinction between liquid and gases |
D, E |
- Define fluid and explain deformation caused by shearing forces in relation to fluid.
- Explain shear stress in moving fluid and differentiate between solid and fluid, liquid and gases.
- Define system, control volume and continuum concept with neat sketches. Explain also their application.
- Define various properties of fluid with system of units and typical values. (simple to medium complex numerical on density, surface tension, capillarity and compressibility)
- Explain Newton law of viscosity with definition sketch and differentiate Newtonian and Non-newtonian fluids. (medium to complex numerical on determination of viscosity by various viscometer like concentric cylinder, coaxial discs and conical bearings etc. and numerical on parallel plate with liquid case for force calculations)
- Explain liquid-vapour phase transition, Isobaric evaporation during heating, isothermal condensation during cooling with sketches and relate vapour pressure with temperature (introduction only)
- Define pressure/intensity of pressure and explain its unit and representative values
- Derive Pascal’s law for pressure at a point and explain the result (simple to medium numerical problems on this principle for understanding)
- Derive general equation of Hydrostatic law of pressure distribution (pressure-depth relation) and explain hydrostatic paradox. (Medium to hard numerical problems like hydraulic jack, pistons, compartments of tank with various liquid etc)
- Define Absolute, gauge and atmospheric pressure and derive their relationship with equations (simple numerical problems to calculate or interchange above types of pressures)
- Define pressure head and its relation with intensity of pressure (simple numerical to explain changing intensity of pressure to head)
- Define manometers and its types with drawing of each type and derive for each type pressure calculating equations (simple to medium hard numerical with U-tube manometer with sketch with various liquids)
- Explain Micromanometer with sketch and derive its equations for calculating pressure difference. (medium to hard numerical by giving sketch of micromanometers for differential pressure measurement with upto two gauge liquids)
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| 1.2. Thermodynamic system, Control volume and continuum concept |
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| 1.3. Basic Fluid Properties: mass density, specific weight, specific gravity, cavitation, vapor pressure, surface tension, capillarity and viscosity |
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| 1.4. Isothermal and Adiabatic compressibility |
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| 1.5. Liquid-vapour phase transition, Isobaric evaporation during heating, isothermal condensation during cooling, vapour pressure vs temperature. |
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| 1.6. Fluid pressure and types, pressure head and Basic pressure laws (Pascal law, hydrostatic law) |
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| 1.7. Pressure measurement: manometers (piezometer, U-tube manometer and micro manometers) |
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| 2 |
| Fluid Statics |
2.1 Hydrostatics forces on plane and curved surfaces; concepts |
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- Define Hydrostatic principle and statics of fluid system (shear stress and static fluid)
- Explain the action of fluid pressure on surface
- Explain concept of resultant pressure and centre of pressure (background of applied mechanics)
- Derive the equation of Total pressure and centre of pressure for horizontal, vertical and inclined surface and explain the relation between total pressure and COP relation(simple to medium hard numerical to explain the concept for submerged surfaces)
- Draw pressure diagram for vertical and inclined surface (medium hard numerical problems to explain pressure diagram concept on water/fluid etc. filled tanks and dams)
- Explain methods to analyze Forces on curved surface due to hydrostatic pressure(concept of vertical component and horizontal components and resultants), Draw pressure diagram for curved surface-(medium to hard numerical problems on curve and plane gates, dams, hydraulic structures based on forces and moment principle)
- Define Buoyancy and Derive Archimedes and floatation principles
- Explain condition of equilibrium for submerged and floating bodies with sketches
- Define Meta-centre and derive the metacentric height. (medium to complex problem related to stability of floating body for ship, cylinder, wooden logs etc or complex shapes)
- Derive equations of free surface profile for liquid in relative equilibrium for horizontal, vertical, inclined and radial flow case. (medium to complex numerical on calculations involving free surface equation and pressure calculations at various points for tank filled with one-liquid only)
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| 2.2 Hydrostatic thrusts on submerged surfaces; Total pressure and centre of pressure (plane and curve surfaces) |
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| 2.3 Pressure diagram (plane and curve surfaces) |
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| 2.4 Computation of pressure forces on gates, dams and Civil hydraulic structures (plane and curve cases) |
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| 2.5 Buoyancy and Archimedes principle, floatation concept |
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| 2.6 Condition of equilibrium: stability of submerged and floating bodies |
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| 2.7 Metacenter and determination of metacentric height (analytical and experimental method) |
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| 2.8 Liquid in relative equilibrium: liquid in a container subjected to uniform acceleration in horizontal, vertical and inclined directions; uniform radial acceleration about vertical axis |
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| 3 |
| Fluid Flow Kinematics |
3.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian concept in fluid flow, classification of flow |
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- Define and explain Lagrangian and Eulerian concept with examples.
- Explain the Types of fluid flow
- Define streamlines, streaklines and pathlines with representative equations to draw those lines. Illustrate practical examples related to civil engineering (simple to medium complex problem involving calculating equations for streamlines, pathlines and streaklines and their simple sketches)
- Define Stream tube, stream functions and Velocity potential functions. Introduce flownet in embankment dam (Simple numericals on calculating stream and velocity potential functions and converting stream function to velocity potential function and vice versa)
- Define Total acceleration with equations, explain temporal and convective accelerations
- Derive continuity equation in terms of cartesian coordinate system and cylindrical-polar coordinate system (simple numericals involving validity of continuity equation in cartesian and polar systems)
- Define Discharge and mean velocity.
- Derive mean velocity calculation from velocity distribution curve in circular pipes
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| 3.2 Description of flow patterns: streamlines, streak lines, path lines (equations and practical examples) |
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| 3.3 Stream tube, stream functions and velocity potentials functions, Total acceleration |
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| 3.4 Conservation principle of mass, continuity equation of cartesian and polar co-ordinates |
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| 3.5 Discharges and mean velocity of flow |
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| 4 |
| Fluid Dynamics |
4.1 Various forces acting on a fluid in motion (gravitational, pressure, viscous, turbulent, surface tension and compression etc.) |
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- Explain forces acting on a fluid with examples
- Introduce the Reynold and Navier Stokes equation with explanation of each terms constituting equations
- Derive Euler equation of Motion and explain its applications
- Derive Bernoulli equation with explaining each terms of equations.
- Application of Bernoullis equation for ideal and real fluids (simple to complex numerical involving application of Bernoilli’s equation including pump, turbine etc in pipe system to calculate elevation, discharge etc. with given head losses, if any)
- Derive momentum equation both linear and angular momentum in one, two and three dimensions.
- Explain application of linear and angular momentum in Civil Engineering problems.
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| 4.2 Introduction to Reynold and Navier-Stokes’ equation of motion (concept only) |
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| 4.3 Euler’s equation of motion and its application |
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| 4.4 Bernoulli’s equation: concept, assumptions, application examples |
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| 4.5 Momentum and fluid flow, linear momentum equations for two-dimensional flow and moment of momentum equation |
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| 5 |
| Application of Energy and Momentum Equation |
5.1 Flow measurement devices: Venturi-meter (horizontal, inclined & vertical), Orifice meter, Nozzle meter and Pitot tube (working principal, governing equations and application examples) |
D, E, Dr, Dw, N |
- Introduce flow measurement devices like venturimeter, orifice meter, nozzle meter and pitot tube.
- Derive equations for discharge for each devices.
- Introduce practical examples in real case (medium to complex numericals on horizontal, vertical and inclined venturimeter with U-tube manometers and pitot tubes, numericals on Pitot tube involving velocity calculations)
- Derive discharge through small and large orifice (rectangular and triangular)
- Derive discharge equation for partially and totally submerged orifices. (simple discharge calculations for all types of orifices)
- Define Hydraulic coefficients and derive their determination procedures and equations. (simple numericals using hydraulic coefficients for one or two orifices in the tank)
- Define notches and weirs and their types (rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal)
- Derive an equation for discharges for notches and weirs with or without end contraction and approach velocity. (simple to medium complex numericals on discharge calculations on notches and weirs)
- Derive an expression for force exerted by jets striking plane flat plate (stationary and moving) and curved vane (stationary) (simple to medium complex numericals on jet striking flat plates with force and moment application, forces on stationary vanes of different deviation angles)
- Derive an expression for force exerted on pipe bends and closed conduits with considering pressure force, body force etc (medium to complex numerical on resultant force acting on bends with closed conduit with bend on horizontal and vertical planes)
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| 5.2 Flow through orifices: small orifice, large orifice, partially and totally submersed orifices (equations and examples) |
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| 5.3 Hydraulic coefficients (Cv, Cc and Cd) and their determinations |
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| 5.4 Flow over notches and weirs, Discharge equations, concept of end contraction and approach velocity |
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| 5.5 Force exerted by jets striking a flat plate and moving (plane and curve) vanes |
D, E, Dr, Dw, N |
| 5.6 Force exerted on pipe bends and closed conduits |
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| 6 |
| Dimensional Analysis and Physical Modelling |
6.1 Introduction to dimensional analysis (physical quantity and their dimensions) |
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- Introduce dimensions of important properties of fluids explained in chap 1
- Explain the principle behind dimensional analysis.
- Define Reyleigh and Buckingham method, explain the methods in details, (numericals on both methods for various scenarios of variables involved i.e. all MLT or LT or ML or MT)
- Relate the dimensional analysis results with civil engineering applications, derivation of many empirical formulas eg: head loss in pipe flow, drag and lift etc.
- Explain and demonstrate physical modelling principles and show the dimensional analysis is actually a backbone of modelling.
- Explain types of similarities, geometric, kinematic and dynamic with derivation of many non-dimensional numbers like Reynold, Froude, Mach, Euler, Weber etc.
- Derive Reynold and Froude law only(numericals on those laws, complex problems involving combining dimensional analysis with model laws)
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| 6.2 Methods of dimensional analysis: Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham’s π-theorem |
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| 6.3 Applications of dimensional analysis in fluid flow problems |
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| 6.4 Concept of physical modelling and its relation to dimensional analysis |
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| 6.5 Types of similarities |
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| 6.6 General Model laws, Application of Reynold’ and Froude Model law in civil engineering |
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| 7 |
| Flow Through Submerged Body and Boundary Layer Theory |
7.1 Description of boundary layer and its thickness (Flat plate only) |
D, Dr, Dw, N |
- Define boundary layer with neat sketch showing laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient and derive displacement and momentum thickness formula. (simple numerical on boundary layer thickness calculation with various velocity distribution equations)
- Elaborate what is laminar and turbulent boundary layer, how it can be used for practical application.
- Show how friction drag in plate for full laminar, full turbulent and mixed case is calculated. (simple numericals to calculate friction drags for full laminar, full turbulent and mixed case with various velocity distribution importantly Blasius exact equation)
- What happens when pressure gradient is not zero and elaborate the concept of flow separation with neat sketch (introduction only)
- Define Drag and lift with their integral equation and empirical one. Explain their types.:Friction drag, Pressure drag
- Show with neat sketch the drag on cylinders and flat plates (explain only)
- Show examples of drag and lift in the case of aeroplane, cricket, building, sediment etc.
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| 7.2 Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient |
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| 7.3 Friction drags for laminar and turbulent boundary layer,Engineering examples |
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| 7.4 Effect of pressure gradient and flow separation concept |
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| 7.5 Concept of drag and lift ( types and formulas) |
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| 7.6 Drag on cylinder and flat plate, application in Engineering |
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