NEB Class 12 Biology: Complete Syllabus, Notes & Practicals

Class 12 Biology: The Ultimate Syllabus and Curriculum Guide

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the Class 12 Biology curriculum, syllabus, and practical works as per the Secondary Education Curriculum 2076.

A visual representation for Class 12 Biology concepts.

1. Course Description

Secondary Education Curriculum 2076 – Biology

Subject code: Bio. 202 (Grade 12)

Credit hrs: 5 | Working hrs: 160

Introduction

This curriculum presumes that the students joining grade 11 and 12 science stream come with diverse aspirations. The curriculum is designed to provide students with a general understanding of the fundamental scientific laws and principles that govern the scientific phenomena in the world. The Class 12 Biology course aims to provide sufficient knowledge for learners to recognize the usefulness and limitations of biological principles and use them in daily life, providing a sound foundation for further studies. It helps to strengthen science process skills and build the capacity to investigate biological issues. For more official details, you can visit the NEB official website.

Level-wise Competencies

Upon completion of this course, students are expected to demonstrate the following competencies:

  1. Relate natural and biological phenomena in the scientific manner of knowledge, understanding and investigating problems pertaining to the living world.
  2. Use scientific instruments, apparatus and methods to collect, evaluate and communicate information accurately and precisely with biological reasoning.
  3. Use their practical and problem-solving skills in different disciplines of biology, including those in medical, veterinary, food, agriculture, biotechnology, and conservation.
  4. Carry out simple experiments and scientific research on issues related to biological phenomena.
  5. Apply biological concepts for the wise use of natural resources to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, and social values.
  6. Develop new biotechnological concepts and use of technology in the living world.

2. Detailed Class 12 Biology Syllabus

Part A: Botany

  • 1. Plant Anatomy
    • Concept of tissues, types of plant tissues (meristems and permanent tissues), Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf. Secondary growth of dicot stem.
  • 2. Plant Physiology
    • 2.1 Water relation: Introduction and significance of diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation.
    • 2.2 Photosynthesis: Introduction and significance, photosynthetic pigments, mechanism (photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle), C₃ and C₄ plants, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.
    • 2.3 Respiration: Introduction and significance, types, mechanism (glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport system), factors affecting respiration.
    • 2.4 Plant hormones: Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.
    • 2.5 Plant growth and movement: Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant movements (tropic and nastic).
  • 3. Genetics
    • 3.1 Genetic Materials: Introduction to genetics and genetic materials, composition, structure and function of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, introduction of genetic code.
    • 3.2 Mendelian genetics: General terminology, Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance, gene interactions (incomplete dominance, co-dominance).
    • 3.3 Linkage and crossing over: Concept and types of linkage, sex-linked inheritance (colour blindness in man and eye colour of Drosophila), concept and significances of crossing over.
    • 3.4 Mutation and polyploidy: Concept, type (gene and chromosomal mutation), importance of mutation, polyploidy (origin and significance).
  • 4. Embryology
    • Asexual and sexual reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male and female gametophytes, development of dicot and monocot embryos, concept of endosperm.
  • 5. Biotechnology
    • Introduction, tissue culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and bio-fertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and application, bio-engineering, food safety and food security.

Part B: Zoology

  • 6. Animal Tissues
    • Introduction; Types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous (structure, functions & location of different sub-types).
  • 7. Developmental Biology
    • 7.1 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.
    • 7.2 Development of frog: Fertilization & its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis – formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.
  • 8. Human Biology
    • 8.1 Digestive system: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion.
    • 8.2 Respiratory System: Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism.
    • 8.3 Circulatory System: Double circulation, heart, cardiac cycle, arterial and venous systems, blood grouping, blood pressure.
    • 8.4 Excretory System: Modes of excretion, Excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation.
    • 8.5 Nervous system: Types, structure and function of brain, conduction of nerve impulse.
    • 8.6 Sense organs: Structure and functions of eye and ear.
    • 8.7 Endocrinology: Endocrine glands and hormones, hypo- and hyper-activity and related disorders.
    • 8.8 Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.
  • 9. Human Population and Health Disorders
    • 9.1 Human Population: Growth problem and control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle.
    • 9.2 Health disorders: Concept of cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders; Substance abuse: Drug, alcohol and smoking abuse.
  • 10. Applied Biology
    • 10.1 Application of Zoology: Tissue and organs transplantation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), amniocentesis, transgenic animals. Poultry farming and fish farming.
    • 10.2 Microbial diseases and application of microbiology: Human diseases (Typhoid, cholera, Tuberculosis, HIV, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis). Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines. Application of microorganisms.

3. Practical Portion

c) Practical Activities for Grade 12 in Biology

Botany

  1. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems.
  2. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
  3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
  4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels.
  5. Study of distribution of stomata.
  6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration.
  7. Study the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds.
  8. Observation and comments on experimental setups (Anaerobic respiration, Phototropism, etc.).
  9. Study Mendelian Inheritance using seeds.
  10. Study of imbibition in seeds/raisins.
  11. Preparation of bio-fertilizer.

Zoology

  1. Study of animal tissues through permanent slides.
  2. Study of mitosis in animal cells from permanent slides.
  3. Study of developmental stages of frog from permanent slides.
  4. Detect the presence of starch and protein in given samples.
  5. Study the effect of temperature and pH on salivary amylase activity.
  6. Detect the presence of urea, sugar, albumin and bile salts in urine.
  7. Detect the presence of sugar in human blood.
  8. Study of Human skeleton and different types of joints.
  9. Study of external morphology of cockroach through models.

d) Sample Project Works for Grade 12 in Biology

Botany

  1. Prepare a report on the significances of biology in different sectors.
  2. Prepare a report on recent developments in the genetic field.
  3. Prepare a model of DNA and RNA.
  4. Observe dominant and recessive characteristics in human beings and prepare a report.

Zoology

  1. Measure the blood pressure of human bodies and predict age-wise trends.
  2. Visit a poultry or fish farm and prepare a report.
  3. Conduct a survey on common communicable diseases in the local area.
  4. Prepare a report on trends, causes, and consequences of migration at the local level.
  5. Prepare functional models of different systems of the human body.

4. Chapter-wise Notes

Unit Chapter Name Notes
Botany
1Plant Anatomy
2Plant Physiology
3Genetics
4Embryology
5Biotechnology
Zoology
6Animal Tissues
7Developmental Biology
8Human Biology
9Human Population and Health Disorders
10Applied Biology

5. Class 12 Biology Micro-Syllabus

Part A: Botany

1. Plant Anatomy

  1. Explain the concept of tissues and classify plant tissues.
  2. Describe the anatomical structure of root, stem, and leaf of monocot and dicot plants.
  3. Define and explain the mechanism of secondary growth in dicot stems.

2. Plant Physiology

  1. Describe diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration, and guttation.
  2. Define photosynthesis and explain its mechanism, pigments, C₃ and C₄ pathways, and influencing factors.
  3. Explain respiration, its types, mechanism, and influencing factors.
  4. Define phytohormones and describe the physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins.
  5. Describe seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence, and plant movements.

3. Genetics

  1. Define genetics and describe the composition and structure of DNA and RNA.
  2. Describe the mechanism of DNA replication and the concept of the genetic code.
  3. Explain Mendelian genetics, including complete and incomplete dominance.
  4. Explain linkage, crossing over, and sex-linked inheritance.
  5. Describe mutation, its importance, and the concept of polyploidy.

4. Embryology

  1. Explain sexual and asexual reproduction in angiosperms, pollination, and fertilization.
  2. Describe the development of male and female gametophytes.
  3. Demonstrate the developmental process of dicot and monocot embryos.
  4. Describe the endosperm and its importance.

5. Biotechnology

  1. Define biotechnology, tissue culture, plant breeding, green manure, and bio-fertilizer.
  2. Analyze social and ethical issues associated with genetic research.
  3. Demonstrate an understanding of molecular genetics and its application in industry and agriculture.

Part B: Zoology

6. Animal Tissues

  1. Describe the types of animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous) and their functions.
  2. Describe the structure, functions, and location of different sub-types of tissues.

7. Developmental Biology

  1. Define and explain the process of spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
  2. Describe the development of a frog up to the formation of three germ layers.
  3. Explain the formation of the notochord, nerve cord, and coelom in a frog.

8. Human Biology

  1. Describe the alimentary canal, digestive glands, and the physiology of digestion.
  2. Explain respiratory organs and the mechanism of respiration in humans.
  3. Describe the double circulation, structure of the human heart, and the cardiac cycle.
  4. Describe the excretory organs and the process of urine formation.
  5. Explain the types of nervous systems and the structure and function of the human brain.
  6. Describe the structure and functions of the human eye and ear.
  7. Describe endocrine glands, their hormones, and related disorders.
  8. Describe male and female reproductive organs, and explain the ovarian and menstrual cycles.

9. Human Population and Health Disorders

  1. List reasons for human population growth and its control measures.
  2. Describe the demographic cycle.
  3. Explain common cardiovascular, respiratory, & renal disorders.
  4. Explain substance abuse (drug, alcohol, and smoking).

10. Applied Biology

  1. Explain tissue and organ transplantation, IVF, and amniocentesis.
  2. Describe genetically modified organisms (transgenic animals).
  3. Describe poultry farming and fish farming.
  4. Write about selected human diseases, their causative agents, symptoms, and prevention.
  5. Explain basic concepts of immunology and vaccines.
  6. Enumerate the application of microorganisms in various industries.
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