INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ENCE 377)

1 Introduction (4 hours)

1.1 Definition, types, and sources of solid waste

1.2 Elements of solid waste management (Waste generation to disposal)

1.3 Solid waste management hierarchy and guiding principles

1.4 Introduction to integrated solid waste management (ISWM)

1.5 Refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery (5Rs) approaches for solid waste management

1.6 Solid waste management related acts, regulations, and guidelines in Nepal

1.7 History and current practice of municipal solid waste management in Nepal

2 Waste Generation, Quantification and Characterization (4 hours)

2.1 Waste generation (Residential, commercial, institutional and industrial); Methods of quantification (Source-specific approach, materials flow methodology); Factors affecting waste generation

2.2 Composition of solid waste and their characterization, sampling protocols

2.3 Properties of waste: Physical properties (Specific weight, density, moisture content, particle size distribution, filed capacity, permeability of compacted waste, solid contents, porosity); Chemical properties (Ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, energy content, fusion point of ash, content of nutrients and other constituents); Biological properties and biodegradability factors

3 Solid Waste Collection, Storage and Transportation (6 hours)

3.1 Types of collection system: Combined waste collection system and separate waste collection system; Stationary waste collection and mobile waste collection; Public and private waste collection system

3.2 Collection vehicles/tools and their types: Waste storage container requirement, set out requirements, waste separation, collection equipment

3.3 Collection/transportation route optimization

3.4 Temporary storage, transfer and secondary transport system

3.5 Site selection and conceptual design of transfer stations: Small to medium transfer stations, large transfer station

3.6 Requirements of collection and transportation vehicles: Trucks and semitrailers, rail cars

4 Waste Processing Techniques (4 hours)

4.1 Processing methodologies and waste minimization

4.2 Waste segregation and waste minimization at source

4.3 Sorting and mechanical methods for solid waste volume reduction

4.4 Various methods of waste disposal: Landfills, sanitary landfills, combustors, composting

5 Land Filling Method of Solid Waste Disposal (8 hours)

5.1 Classification of landfills (Hazardous waste, designated waste, municipal solid waste, and uncontrolled waste disposal sites)

5.2 Landfill site selection and environmental considerations

5.3 Concept of using multi-criteria evaluation method using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) for Landfill Site Selection

5.4 Landfill design considerations and basic components

5.5 Formation and composition of leachate (Variation in leachate composition, movement of leachate, and leachate collection system)

5.6 Generation and composition of landfill gases (Principal landfill gas constituents, quantity of gas produced, variation in gas production with time)

5.7 Monitoring and post-closure plan (Intermediate and final landfill cover; Leachate management and control; Active and passive control of landfill gases)

6 Organic Waste Treatment Methods and Energy Recovery (6 hours)

6.1 Organic solid waste treatment methods: Aerobic and anaerobic; Mesophilic and thermophilic

6.2 Types of composting and use of compost

6.3 Factors affecting composting process (Nutrient and substrate; Temperature; Particle size; C/N ratio; pH level)

6.4 Anaerobic digestion (Biogas) methods and energy recovery

6.5 Advantages of co-composting and co-digestion

7 Thermal Treatment Methods and Energy Recovery (5 hours)

7.1 High thermal treatment method: Incineration and waste to energy

7.2 Advanced waste treatment methods: Gasification, pyrolysis and energy recovery

7.3 Co-incineration of refuse derived fuels (RDFs)

7.4 Selection of thermal treatment methods

8 Recycling and Resource Recovery of Solid Waste (5 hours)

8.1 Principles of material recovery and recycling

8.2 Informal and formal recycling of solid waste

8.3 Mechanical and chemical recycling process

8.4 Sorting, processing, and storage of recyclable materials

8.5 Solid waste sorting and packaging system

8.6 Conceptual design of material recovery facility (MRF) and solid waste sorting system

9 Hazardous Waste (3 hours)

9.1 Introduction to hazardous waste

9.2 Identification criteria for hazardous waste from solid waste

9.3 Hazardous and toxicity characteristics of waste; Introduction to toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)

9.4 Classification, treatment and disposal techniques of:

9.4.1 Healthcare waste

9.4.2 Radioactive and waste from chemical industries

9.4.3 Plastic wastes

9.5 Introduction to e-waste

9.6 International hazardous waste convention and national guidelines

1. Quantity calculation and material flow analysis of solid waste

2. Computation method of estimating waste generation; Proximate analysis; Ultimate analysis; Approximate chemical (Energy) formula; Computation of physical properties; Energy value using Dulong’s formula

3. Design of optimized waste collection route for a mid-sized city considering environmental and economic factors; Computation of vehicle size, container size, number required, and location

4. Design of waste management strategies including 5R for a given locality

5. Sanitary land filling design criteria and design example; Numerical on gas and leachate generation; Triangular model of leachate computation

6. Composting criteria and design example

7. Volume reduction principles (Mechanical and thermal)

8. Design example of material recovery

9. Design example of central treatment facility (CTF) for healthcare waste; Recent development and practices

1. Sampling methods and waste characterization of municipal solid waste (Ultimate and proximate analysis)

2. Determination of physical and chemical properties of municipal waste such as bulk density and moisture content in municipal solid waste

3. Determination of heating value with bomb calorimeter

4. Visual presentation/demonstration/observation of collection, transfer station and community participation practices of solid waste management of the nearest municipalities

1. Tchobanoglous, G., Kreith, F. (2002). Handbook of solid waste management. McGraw-Hill.

2. Pichtel, J. (2014). Waste management practices: municipal, hazardous, and industrial. Taylor & Francis / CRC Press.

3. Sasikumar, K., Gopi Krishna, S. (2021). Solid waste management. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

4. Williams, P. T. (2005). Waste treatment and disposal. John Wiley & Sons.

5. Government of Nepal. (2011). Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 (B.S.) [Act No. 4 of 2068]. FAOLEX / Nepal Law Commission.

6. Government of Nepal. (2022). National Solid Waste Management Policy, 2079.

7. United Nations Environment Programme, and International Solid Waste Association. (2024). Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Beyond an age of waste – Turning rubbish into a resource. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.