English Grammar Notes: Complete Guide for Students Back

English Grammar Complete Guide

Master the rules of English Grammar with detailed notes on Articles, Verbs, and more.

Comprehensive Study Material

1. ARTICLES

English मा a, an र the लाई articles भनिन्छ । यी articles indefinite (a, an) र definite (the) गरी दुई प्रकारका छन् ।

1.1 Indefinite Articles (a & an)

Indefinite articles ले कुनै पनि वस्तु वा व्यक्तिलाई सामान्य रूपले देखाउने काम गर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) John is a student.
(b) She is a one-eyed girl.
(c) He ate an orange.
(d) He was an honest student.

The Use of Indefinite Articles

Rule 1Third person singular countable noun सामान्य अर्थमा प्रयोग भएमा सो को अघि a/an को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) They met a boy.
(b) Hari bought an umbrella.
(c) He is a European.
(d) Bill is an honest student.

Note: यदि उक्त noun को सुरूको उच्चारण consonant sound (व्यञ्जन ध्वनि) भए ‘a’ र vowel sound (स्वर ध्वनी) भए ‘an’ को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Rule 2सङ्क्षिप्त रूपको सुरुको letter (अक्षर) को उच्चारण consonant sound भए ‘a’ र vowel sound भए ‘an’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

A को प्रयोग	An को प्रयोग
(a) He bought a book.	(a) She had bought an umbrella.
(b) She will make a building.	(b) She was an old teacher.
(c) He has killed a ewe.	(c) He is an honest man.
(d) She belongs to a union.	(d) He will come here after an hour.
(e) It is a universal fact.	(e) Hemraj is an honourable man.
(f) He has a unique object.	(f) She was an honorary justice.
(g) It is a useful book.
(h) She is a one-legged girl.

Examples:

(a) She is a B.A. but he is an M.A.
(b) He was an I.Ed. teacher.
(c) She is a B.Sc.
(d) He is a Ph.D.
(e) She is an M.B.A.

Rule 3दर (rate), गति (speed), अनुपात (ratio) इत्यादिसँग a/an को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) He comes here twice a day.
(b) She had a dangerous speed, 100km an hour.
(c) He works ten hours a day.
(d) It costs Rs. 10 a kilo.

Rule 4Exclamation (विस्मय) सँग a/an को प्रयोग हुन सक्छ ।

Examples:

(a) What a lovely place it is!
(b) What an innocent boy he is!

Rule 5केही सङ्ख्या (quantity) देखाउने शब्दहरूसँग a/an को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A half-dozen of pens had to be bought.
(b) She spent there for an hour.
(c) I will be there for a couple of days.

Rule 6Few र little सँग क्रमशः केही सङ्ख्या र केही मात्रा भन्ने अर्थमा a को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Write a few paragraphs on this title.
(b) She has a little money to buy a car.

त्यसैगरी ‘a lot of’ को प्रयोग हेरौं ।

Examples:

(a) She has a lot of books to read.
(b) A lot of rice has been sold.

Rule 7एकभन्दा बढी noun को प्रयोग भएमा प्रत्येक noun को अघि suitable article राख्नु पर्छ ।

Examples:

She has a red pen and an umbrella.

Important Rule:

एकभन्दा बढी noun को प्रयोग भएमा प्रत्येक noun को अघि suitable article राख्नु पर्छ ।

He bought a white and a blue shirt. (२ वटा फरक shirts)
He bought a white and blue shirt. (यहाँ एउटै shirt हो)

Rule 8एकै व्यक्ति वा वस्तुलाई देखाउने एकभन्दा बढी nouns को प्रयोग गरी तुलना गरेमा पहिलो noun को अघि मात्र a/an को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Devkota was a better poet than political leader.
(b) She is a greater dancer than singer.
(c) It is a more important holy place than tourist sector.

Rule 9मानविय संवेग (emotion) तथा मानसिक गतिविधि (mental activity) देखाउने कतिपय uncountable nouns को अगाडि पनि a/an को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) We need a secretary with a first-class knowledge of English.
(b) She has always had a deep distrust of strangers.
(c) This baby shows an amazing understanding of adult behaviour.
(d) My parents wanted me to have a good education.

1.2 Definite Article (the)

Definite article ‘the’ ले कुनै पनि वस्तु, व्यक्ति वा स्थानलाई तोकेर देखाउँछ । यसको प्रयोग (use) लाई common use र special use गरी २ भागमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Common Use of ‘the’

एकपटक प्रयोग भइसकेको noun को लागि दोस्रो अवस्थादेखि उक्त noun को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) I met a boy. The boy helped me.
- (b) Hari bought an umbrella. Do you like the umbrella?
- (c) There are three boys. The boys helped me.
- (d) There is enough water in this tank but you cannot drink the water because it is dirty.
कुनै पनि वस्तु, व्यक्ति वा स्थानलाई तोकिएको (specified) अवस्थामा प्रयोग गर्दा उक्त noun को अघि the को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The letter written by her is very long.
- (b) The boy in the white dress is talented.
- (c) Did you lose the pen which I gave you?
- (d) Last year, I went to the place where I was born.
Notes: यस्तो अवस्थामा कुनै phrase वा clause ले अघि वा पछि आएको noun लाई तोक्छ । माथिका examples मा, written by her, in the white dress (Phrase) र which I gave you, where I was born (Clause) ले क्रमशः letter, boy, pen र place nouns लाई निश्चित गरेकोले उक्त nouns को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिएको छ ।
एक मात्र वस्तु वा एक मात्र समुदाय जनाउने noun को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The Mars is a planet. (एक मात्र वस्तु)
- (b) The earth moves round the sun. (एक मात्र वस्तु)
- (c) The universe is extremely vast. (एक समूह)
- (d) Can you see the stars in the sky? (एक समूह)
‘the + adjective’ ले कुनै वर्गको जानकारी दिन्छ । तसर्थ adjective को ठिक अघि पनि definite article ‘the’ को प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The poor should be helped.
- (b) They have awarded the talented.
क्रमवाचक सङ्ख्या (ordinal number) जस्तै first, second, third, fourth…… को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) Ram is the first boy in the class.
- (b) Tuesday is the third day of the week.
Superlative degree को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) Who is the best boy in the class?
- (b) The most intelligent student in the class is Rekha.
- (c) The highest peak of the world is Mt. Everest.
All of/most of/some of/a few of/none of etc. पछि पनि ‘the + Noun’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) Some of the students are lazy.
- (b) One of the boys has been awarded.
- (c) Most of the Nepalese are farmers.
राष्ट्रियता (nationality), धर्म (religion), दर्जा (position or post) जनाउने noun को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The Nepalese are hard-working.
- (b) The Hindus are simple.
- (c) The President was welcomed.
शरीरका अङ्ग (organ/part) हरूको नामको अघि ‘the’ लाग्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The heart is the most important part of our body.
- (b) Please, don’t beat me on the head.
Plural Surname (बहुवचन थर) को अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The Sherpas are honest.
- (b) Did you call the Sharmas?
कुनै जाती समुदाय (whole class) को जानकारी दिने noun को अगाडि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) He was sitting in the garden. (in his house)
- (b) I want to meet the doctor. (our family doctor)
- (c) She talked to the manager. (of her office)
Double comparative को अगाडि the को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The more he drank, the more he wanted.
- (b) The more she earns, the more she spends.
- (c) The more I eat, the less I like.
Abstract noun को रूपमा प्रयोग भएका common noun को अगाडि the को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) The poet in him raised his voice against injustice.
- (b) The mother in her took pity on the orphans.
Selective sense मा comparative degree को अगाडि the को प्रयोग गर्ने ।
Examples:
- (a) Binod is the sharper of the two boys.
- (b) Rachana is the taller of the two sisters.

Special Use of ‘the’

नदी (river), खाडी (gulf), समुद्र (sea), मरूभूमी (desert), पर्वत शृङ्खला, टापू समूह, र बहुवचनजस्तो देखिने देशको नामको अघि ‘the’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Have you seen the Koshi? It is a very big river. (नदी)
(b) The Gulf of Mexico is far from here. (खाडी)
(c) She has been to the Red Sea. (समुद्र)
(d) The ship disappeared in the Atlantic Ocean. (महासागर)
(e) Have you ever been to the Sahara desert? (मरुभूमि)

2. THE VERBS

Verb ले कामको बारेमा जानकारी दिन्छ । Verbs लाई action verb र non-action verb गरी २ समूहमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

2.1 Action Verbs (मुख्य क्रियाहरू)

Action verbs लाई ordinary verbs पनि भनिन्छ । यस्ता verbs ले कुनै पनि व्यक्ति वा वस्तुले गरेको कामलाई देखाउँछन् ।

Examples:

(a) Ram made a chair.
(b) He runs fast.
(c) They are working now.
(d) She has done it.

यी sentences मा made, runs, working र done चाहिँ action verbs हुन् ।

Action verbs लाई transitive र intransitive गरी अन्य २ समूहमा पनि विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Types of Action Verbs

1Transitive verb (सकर्मक क्रिया): जुन verbs ले object (कर्म) लिन्छन् त्यस्ता क्रियाहरूलाई transitive verbs भनिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Rita wrote a letter.
(b) She made a chair.
(c) He has bought an umbrella.

माथिका sentences मा, ‘wrote, made र bought’ transitive verbs हुन् भने ‘letter, chair र umbrella’ objects (कर्म) हरू हुन् ।

2Intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया): Object आवश्यक नपर्ने verbs लाई intransitive verbs भनिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She sleeps well.
(b) He can run very fast.
(c) The small girl is crying.

माथिका sentences मा ‘sleeps, run र crying’ intransitive verbs हुन् ।

3Same verbs as Transitive and Intransitive (उनै क्रियाहरू सकर्मक र अकर्मक रूपमा): English का कतिपय verbs, सकर्मक र अकर्मक दुवै रूपमा आउन सक्छन् ।

Examples:

(a) He sang a sweet song. (transitive verb)
(b) The sharp wind blew off his hat. (transitive verb)
(c) He laughed at her. (transitive verb)
(d) He sang very well. (intransitive verb)
(e) The sharp wind has blown over. (intransitive verb)
(f) He laughed heartily. (intransitive verb)

माथिका sentences मा examples ‘a, b र c’ मा आएका verbs ‘sang, blew र laughed’ transitive रूपमा प्रयोग भएका छन् भने examples ‘d, e र f’ मा आएका verbs ‘sang, blew र laughed’ intransitive रूपमा प्रयोग भएका छन् ।

2.2 Auxiliary Verbs (सहायक क्रियाहरू)

Auxiliary verbs लाई helping verbs पनि भनिन्छ । यी verbs लाई पनि दुई समूहमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ । ती हुन् primary auxiliaries र modal auxiliaries.

2.2.1 Primary Auxiliaries:

Primary auxiliaries अन्तर्गत ‘be, do र have’ verb पर्छन् । यी verbs को तालिका तल हेरौं ।

Infinitive	Present	Past (v2)	-ing (v4)	Past Participle (v3)
be	is, am, are	was, were	being	been
do	do, does	did	doing	done
have	have, has	had	having	had

Examples:

(a) It can be done. (infinitive)
(b) They do not call me. (present)
(c) We must have done it. (infinitive)
(d) She is teaching there. (present)
(e) I am helping you. (present)
(f) She has called me. (present)
(g) They were dancing. (past)
(h) She did not do it. (past)
(i) We had met her. (past)
(j) She is being helped. (-ing)
(k) He has been doing it. (past participle)

Note-1: ‘Do’ verb र ‘have’ verb को auxiliary verbs को रूपमा ‘-ing’ form र past participle forms (रूपहरू) हुँदैन तर यदि ती verbs ‘action verbs’ को रूपमा प्रयोग भएमा माथिका सबै forms मा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She did not do it. (auxiliary verb)
(b) She did it. (action verb)
(c) She has done it. (action verb)
(d) They are not doing it. (action verb)

Note-2: ‘Have’ verb ‘action’ verb को रूपमा प्रयोग हुँदा यसको अर्थ ‘सेवन गर्नु वा ग्रहण गर्नु’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She always has her meal at 4. (action verb)
(b) He wanted to have some drinks. (action verb)
(c) They had their lunch on time. (action verb)
(d) She wants to have rice. (action verb)
(e) They always had a bad dream. (action verb)

2.2.2 Modal Auxiliaries:

Shall, should, will, would, can, could, be able to, is able to, am able to, are able to, was able to, were able to, must, have to, has to, had to, used to, may, might, need, dare इत्यादिलाई modal auxiliaries भनिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) We should do it.
(b) She is able to do it.
(c) We have to complete our duty.
(d) We might call him.

2.3 Regular and Irregular Verbs

English का कुनै पनि verbs को past (v₂) र past participle (v₃) रूप (form) हरूको हिसाबले regular र irregular गरी २ भागमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

2.3.1 Regular Verbs (नियमित क्रियाहरू)

निश्चित नियमहरूको परिधिमा रहेर v₂ र v₃ का रूपहरू चल्ने verbs लाई regular verbs भनिन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
help	helped	helped
marry	married	married
hear	heard	heard
stop	stopped	stopped
love	loved	loved
play	played	played

Note: यस्ता regular verbs का v₂ र v₃ forms spelling को हिसाबले एउटै हुन्छन् । तर sentence मा फरक स्थानमा आउँछन् ।

Examples:

(a) She married him. (v₂)
(b) She was married to him. (v₃)
(c) She helped me. (v₂)
(d) She has helped me. (v₃)

Regular verbs का v₂ र v₃ बनाउने केही Rules:

Rule 1सामान्यतः ‘-ed’ जोडी v₂ र v₃ बनाइन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
help	helped	helped
book	booked	booked
visit	visited	visited
fell	felled	felled

Rule 2Verb को अन्त्यमा single (एक) consonant letter भई सो अघि single vowel letter भएमा उक्त consonant लाई double गरी ‘-ed’ थपिन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
stop	stopped	stopped
drag	dragged	dragged
knit	knitted	knitted
scrub	scrubbed	scrubbed

Rule 3अन्त्यमा ‘e वा ee’ हुने verb मा सामान्यतः ‘-d’ मात्र थपिन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
hope	hoped	hoped
move	moved	moved
judge	judged	judged
agree	agreed	agreed
love	loved	loved
rape	raped	raped

Rule 4Verb को अन्त्यमा ‘y’ भएमा उक्त ‘y’ लाई ‘i’ मा बदली ‘-ed’ थपिन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
marry	married	married
dry	dried	dried
carry	carried	carried
deny	denied	denied

Rule 5सामान्यतः final ‘l’ letter double हुन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
travel	travelled	travelled
signal	signalled	signalled
appeal	appealled	appealled
dial	dialled	dialled
refuel	refuelled	refuelled
repel	repelled	repelled
quarrel	quarrelled	quarrelled
distil	distilled	distilled
model	modelled	modelled

Rule 6तलका केही शब्दहरूको final consonant double गरी ‘-ed’ थपिन्छ ।

Verb	v₂	v₃
deter	deterred	deterred
kidnap	kidnapped	kidnapped
handicap	handicapped	handicapped
worship	worshipped	worshipped
acquit	acquitted	acquitted

2.3.2 Irregular Verbs (अनियमित क्रियाहरू)

Past र past participle बनाउँदा अनियमित प्रकारले रूप चल्ने verbs लाई irregular verbs भनिएको छ । सामान्यतः यस्ता verbs को v₂ र v₃ फरक फरक हुन्छन् । यी verbs का रूपहरूलाई तलको तालिकामा हेरौ ।

S.N.	Verbs	v₂	v₃
1.	abide (ठहर्नु)	abode	abode
2.	arise (उठ्नु)	arose	arisen
3.	awake (व्यूँझनु)	awoke/awaked	awoken/awaked
4.	be (हुनु)	was, were	been
5.	bear (जन्मनु)	bore	born
6.	beat (कुट्नु)	beat	beaten
7.	become (हुनु)	became	become
8.	befall (हुन्)	befell	befallen
9.	beget (उत्पन्न गर्नु)	begot	begotten
10.	begin (थाल्नु)	began	begun
11.	behold (हेर्नु)	beheld	beheld
12.	bend (बाँगिनु)	bent	bent
13.	bet (वाजी मार्नु)	betted/bet	betted/bet
14.	bind (बाँध्न्)	bound	bound
15.	bite (टोक्नु/डस्न्)	bit	bitten
16.	bleed (रगत बग्नु)	bled	bled
17.	blow (बहनु)	blew	blown
18.	break (भाँच्नु)	broke	broken
19.	breed (ब्याउनु)	bred	bred
20.	bring (ल्याउनु)	brought	brought
21.	broadcast (प्रसार गर्नु)	broadcast	broadcast
22.	build (बनाउनु)	built	built
23.	burn (जल्नु)	burned/burnt	burned/burnt
24.	burst (विष्फोटक हुनु)	burst	burst
25.	buy (किन्नु)	bought	bought
26.	cast (मत दिनु)	cast	cast
27.	catch (समात्नु)	caught	caught
28.	chide (हकार्नु)	chided	chidden
29.	choose (छान्नु)	chose	chosen
30.	cleave (छोड्नु)	cleft	cleft

3. PREPOSITIONS

English मा on, at, in, for, since, above, under, between, while, during, of, up, off इत्यादिलाई prepositions भनिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She always comes here on time.
(b) Ram is sitting between Sita and Rita.
(c) The baby slept during the film.
(d) It will have been completed by tomorrow.
(e) He died of cancer.
(f) Write the answer to this question.
(g) He has a cheque for Rs. 1000.

Prepositions लाई simple र special गरी दुई समूहमा बाँड्न सकिन्छ ।

3.1 Simple Prepositions

सामान्य अर्थमा prepositions of time र prepositions of place लाई simple prepositions मान्न सकिन्छ । ती prepositions निम्नप्रकार छन् :

3.1.1 Prepositions of Time

समय जनाउने शब्दको ठीक अघि आउने prepositions लाई यो समूहमा राख्न सकिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She would arrive here at three.
(b) He will go to Kathmandu on the tenth of this month.
(c) It is very cold in January.
(d) I fell asleep while I was watching T.V.
(e) I will be away until tomorrow.
(f) She has been living there since 1990.

केही prepositions of time निम्न प्रकार छन्ः

1At: बजे (hour) को ठीक अघि ‘at’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Please, meet me at four.
(b) They arrived at 5 o’clock.

तलका अवस्थाहरू (expressions) को ठीक अघि at को प्रयोग गरिन्छ । at night, at lunch time, at sunset, at the weekend, at weekends, at Christmas, at the moment, at present

2On: Days (दिनहरू) र dates (मितिहरू) सँग on को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I will see you on Sunday.
(b) Roshan got married on 12 June 1998.
(c) She always meets him on his birthdays.
(d) Did you see him on Christmas Day?

3In: लामो समय जस्तै महिना (month), वर्ष (year), ऋतु (season), दशक (decade), शताब्दि (century) इत्यादिको अघि ‘in’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) The price of electricity is going up in March.
(b) Hari was born in 1980.
(c) It is very hot in summer.
(d) Anna will be a teacher in the next decade.
(e) People were conservative in the seventeenth century.

• Parts of the day जस्तै morning, afternoon र evening को अघि in को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Cathy will meet you in the morning.
(b) Do you like to work in the evenings?
(c) I will meet you in the afternoon.

• ‘In + period of time’ को रूपमा पनि ‘in’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) The bus will be leaving in a few minutes.
(b) George will pass B.A. in two years’ time.
(c) Bill and Anna are getting married in two weeks’ time.

Note: Last, next, this, every को अघि at, on र in को प्रयोग नगर्ने ।

Examples:

(a) I met him last week.
(b) Cathy will phone you next Sunday.
(c) I will be here this month.
(d) I go to temple every Saturday.

4For and Since: यिनीहरूको प्रयोग निम्न अवस्थाहरूमा हुन्छ ।

For + period of time
Since + past point of time

Examples:

(a) George has been teaching for ten years.
(b) She has helped me for a long time.
(c) They have been married since 1995.
(d) I have taught them since I was 17.

5By, until, before: यी prepositions ‘point of time’ को अघि आउछन् ।

Examples:

(a) She will have completed it by tomorrow.
(b) Jerry would be away until next week.
(c) The patient had died before the doctor came.

6During: ‘during + specified (निश्चित) period of time’ को रूपमा यसको प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I met a lot of people during our holidays.
(b) She fell asleep during the film.

Note: यस्तो अवस्थामा ‘specified period of time’ noun को रूपमा आउँछ । माथिका sentences मा ‘holidays’ र ‘film’, nouns हुन् ।

7While: ‘while + statement’ को रूपमा while को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I saw him while he was dancing.
(b) The thief broke into the house while the programme was going on.
(c) I hope to meet Martin while I am here.

Note: ‘While’ ले period of time को जानकारी दिन्छ ।

3.1.2 Prepositions of Place

स्थान जनाउने nouns को अघि आउने prepositions लाई prepositions of place भनिन्छ ।

1At: कुनै पनि वस्तुको ‘छेउमा’ भन्ने अर्थमा ‘at’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Ramesh is standing at the door.
(b) Antonia was at the window when I saw her.
(c) They were at the car.

• त्यसैगरी at को प्रयोग निम्न अवस्थाहरू गर्न सकिन्छः at home, at school, at the airport, at the top of the page, at the bottom, at the bus stop, at the end, at the shop, at the traffic lights, at the church, at the reception, at roundabout, at the party, at the concert etc.

Examples:

(a) I saw Amy at the concert.
(b) I will meet you at the airport.
(c) He has seen her at the reception.
(d) Their children are at school.

2On: कुनै एक वस्तु कुनै अर्को वस्तुको सतहमा रहेको छ भन्ने अर्थमा on को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) The book is on the table.
(b) There is a label on the bottle of the medicine.
(c) Haven’t you seen the notice on the door?

त्यसैगरी, on the ceiling, on the floor, on the ground, on the grass, on a chair, on a desk, on a bench, on your nose, on page ten, on your shirt, on the left, on the right, on a map, on the menu, on the list, on a farm, on the way, on a bus, on a train, on a plane, on a ship, on a bicycle, on a motorcycle, on a horse, etc.

Examples:

(a) Haven’t you seen the fan on the ceiling?
(b) There is a dirty mark on your nose.
(c) Please drive on the left.
(d) I do not buy anything that is not on the list.
(e) George arrived on a bike.

Note: ‘in a car’ and ‘in a taxi’.

Examples:

(f) Cathy arrived here in a car/taxi.

3In: सामान्यतः तुलनात्मक रूपले केही ठूला स्थानहरू जस्तै village, town, country इत्यादिको अघि ‘in’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Celia lives in a village but Bill lives in a town.
(b) Hilary works in America.
(c) Pollution in Kathmandu is killing people.

त्यसैगरी, in the bottle, in the room, in the building, in your hand, in the month, in the mountain, in a line, in a row, in a queue, in a street, in a photograph, in a picture, in a mirror, in the sky, in the world, in the universe, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in a car, in a taxi, in a book, in a newspaper, in a magazine, in the letter, etc.

Examples:

(a) Can’t you see the dirty mark in your hand?
(b) Who is the old man in the picture?
(c) They are in bed now.
(d) He was in prison.
(e) I read a good news in the paper.

4Over: कुनै एक वस्तु अर्को वस्तु भन्दा ठीक सीधा माथि छ अथवा गतिमा छ भन्ने अर्थमा ‘over’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) The plane is flying over us.
(b) The sky is over us.
(c) The ceiling is over the floor.

5Under: कुनै एक वस्तु अर्को वस्तुभन्दा ठीक सीधा तल छ भन्ने अर्थमा ‘under’ को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) The cows are grazing under the tree.
(b) They have been living under the same roof.
(c) The glass is under the fan.
(d) The baby is hiding himself under the table.

6Between: कुनै दुई वस्तुहरूको बीचमा अर्को एक वस्तु छ भन्ने अर्थमा between को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Monday comes between Sunday and Tuesday.
(b) Rita is standing between Hari and Gita.
(c) There is competition between two boys.

7Among: दुईभन्दा बढी वस्तुहरूको बीचमा रहेको एक वस्तुलाई देखाउन among को प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Ram is sitting among his ten friends.
(b) Ram was the tallest boy among his friends.
(c) Charles is the first boy among ten students.

8Across & Along: We use these prepositions as below:

Examples:

(a) The girl is walking along the road.
(b) The boy is walking across the road.

4. QUESTION TAGS

कुनै पनि sentence को अन्त्यमा जोडिने छोटा प्रश्नलाई question tag (पुच्छ्रे प्रश्न) भनिन्छ । सामान्यतः affirmative (सकारात्मक) sentence को question tag ‘negative’ र negative (नकारात्मक) sentence को question tag ‘positive’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Ram is a boy, isn’t he?
(b) He did it, didn’t he?
(c) They never worked hard, did they?
(d) We can do it, can’t we?
(e) Nobody is good here, are they?
(f) I’ll call you, shan’t I?

4.1 Some Basic Rules of Question Tags

Rule 1Affirmative Sentence को tag ‘negative’ र negative sentence को tag ‘affirmative’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) He worked hard, didn’t he?
(b) He never worked hard, did he?

Rule 2Negative tag मा जहिले पनि auxiliary verb सँग not लाई जोडेर राख्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) She can do it, can’t she? (‘can not she?’ गर्नु हुँदैन)
(b) They went to Dharan, didn’t they? (‘did not they?’ गर्नु हुदैन)

Rule 3Tag को अन्त्यमा जहिले पनि pronoun (सर्वनाम) राख्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Ram and Sita phoned me, didn’t they?
(b) Roshan helps me, doesn’t he? (यहाँ ‘doesn’t Roshan?’ गर्नु हुदैन)

Rule 4Tag मा pronoun पछि सधैं question mark राख्नै पर्छ ।

Rule 5Tag र ‘sentence’ को बिचमा ‘comma’ राख्नुपर्छ ।

Rule 6Tag जहिले पनि small letter (सानो अक्षर) बाट सुरू गर्नुपर्छ ।

4.2 Specific Rules of Question Tags

Rule 1Auxiliary verb दिइएको sentence मा सोहीअनुसारको auxiliary verb लाई tag मा राख्ने ।

Examples:

(a) Rajan is a student, isn’t he?
(b) Amy can help him, can’t she?
(c) Cathy will call me, won’t she? (will not = won’t)
(d) We will phone her, shan’t we? (shall not = shan’t)
(e) Rosy is never well, is she?
(f) John did not do it, did he?

Rule 2यदि दिइएको sentence मा auxiliary verb नभई action verb मात्रै भएमा tag मा ‘do verb’ को प्रयोग गर्ने ।

Examples:

(a) He smokes heavily, doesn’t he? (v₅ = does…)
(b) We never drink, do we? (v₁ = do…)
(c) George married Ann, didn’t he? (v₂ = did…)
(d) Geeta read the Geeta, didn’t she? (v₂ = did…)

Rule 3यदि ‘have’ verb main verb को रूपमा प्रयोग भएको statement मा auxiliary verb नभएमा tag मा ‘do verb’ को प्रयोग गर्ने ।

Examples:

(a) We have a problem, don’t we? (have = do…)
(b) He has her meal at 4, doesn’t she? (has = does)
(c) Cathy had a good job, didn’t she? (had = did)

Rule 4‘Have to’ forms र ‘used to’ form भएका sentences को tag मा ‘do’ verb प्रयोग गर्ने ।

Examples:

(a) We never have to meet him, do we? (have to = do…)
(b) She has to meet him, doesn’t she? (has to = does)
(c) He had to write to her, didn’t he? (had to = did…)
(d) You used to smoke, didn’t you? (used to = did…)

Rule 5-‘d को दुई रूप/अर्थ हुन सक्छ, would र had, तलको structure हेरौं ।

Structure:

‘d + better / v₃ = had + better / v₃ (had)
‘d + rather / v₁ = would + rather / v₁ (would)

Examples:

(a) You’d better help her, hadn’t you?
(b) She’d completed it, hadn’t she?
(c) He’d rather watch it, wouldn’t he?
(d) She’d not write to him, would she?

Rule 6-‘s को अर्थ is र has दुवै हुन सक्छ । तलका structures हेरौं ।

Structure:

‘s + v₄ = is + v₄
‘s + v₃ + obj = has + v₃ + obj
‘s + been + v₄ = has + been + v₄
‘s + been + v₃ = has + been + v₃
‘s + v₃ = is / has + v₃

Examples:

(a) She’s not reading it, is she?
(b) He’s done it, hasn’t he?
(c) Ram’s been doing it, hasn’t he?
(d) It’s been killed, hasn’t it?
(e) She’s not awarded, is she?

Rule 7सामान्यतः imperative sentence (आज्ञार्थक वाक्य) को tag “will you?” हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Come here, will you?
(b) Don’t hate the poor, will you?
(c) Have your meal, will you?
(d) Let her go out, will you?

तर ‘Let’s………. को tag ‘shall we?’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Let’s go out, shall we?
(b) Let’s dance, shall we?

Note: Let’s को अर्थ “हामी कुनै काम गरौं” भन्ने हुन्छ भने Let us को अर्थ कुनै काम गर्न अनुमति पाउँ भन्ने हुन्छ ।

Rule 8Somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone लाई tag मा they मा बदल्नु पर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Somebody is present, aren’t they?
(b) Nobody heard the sound, did they?
(c) Anybody is not beaten, are they?
(d) Everyone did it well, didn’t they?

Rule 9Something, nothing, anything र everything लाई tag मा it मा बदल्नु पर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Something has been sold, hasn’t it?
(b) Nothing is perfectly good, is it?
(c) Anything can be sold, can’t it?

Rule 10एकभन्दा बढि noun वा pronoun sentence को subject को रूपमा आएका छन् भने तिनीहरूको सट्टा ‘tag’ मा संयुक्त pronoun राख्नुपर्छ ।

Notes:

I and you -> we
You and she/he -> you
I and she/he -> we
He and she -> they

Examples:

(a) I and you did it, didn’t we?
(b) He and I helped her, didn’t we?
(c) He and you are playing, aren’t you?
(d) He and she are honest, aren’t they?

Rule 11Either…or, neither….nor, along with भएका sentence को tag लाई हेरौ ।

Examples:

(a) Either Ram or Lucy is lazy, isn’t she?
(b) Neither Lucy nor Ram is lazy, isn’t he?
(c) Celia, along with the friends, went to Biratnagar, didn’t she?

Rule 12‘I am..’ को tag ‘aren’t I?’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I am a teacher, aren’t I?
(b) I am working now, aren’t I?

Rule 13‘I am not’ को tag ‘am I?’ हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I am not a teacher, am I?
(b) I am not working now, am I?

Rule 14All, most, some र none शब्दहरू countable र uncountable दुवै हुन सक्छन् तर situation फरक हुन्छ ।

Countable (Plural)	Uncountable (Singular)
All/most/some/none	All/most/some/none

Rule 15Examples:

Examples:

(a) All passed the exam, didn’t they?
(b) Some were invited, weren’t they?
(c) Most of them arrived on time, didn’t they?
(d) None are bad, are they?
(e) All was sold, wasn’t it?
(f) Most of it can be eaten, can’t it?
(g) Some of the sugar is good, isn’t it?

Rule 16‘There’ बाट सुरु भएका sentence को tag मा पनि ‘there’ नै राखिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) There is a cow, isn’t there?
(b) There are too many people, aren’t there?

Rule 17Negative words जस्तै rarely, hardly, seldom, scarcely, no, none, nothing इत्यादि sentence मा आएमा tag positive बनाउने ।

Examples:

(a) I met no one there, did I?
(b) Nothing was done, was it?
(c) She never smokes, does she?
(d) He seldom completes his homework, does he?
(e) Ramita rarely believes you, does she?
(f) It’s no good, is it?
(g) You hardly say what are you thinking, do you?
(h) It’s scarcely rained at all this summer, has it?
(i) There’s little we can do about it, is there?

Rule 18Reporting clause भएको sentence मा उक्त clause ले main clause को काम गर्ने भएकोले उक्त clause बाट (reported clause बाट होइन) tag बनाउने ।

Examples:

(a) She told me he would be there, didn’t she? (wouldn’t he? is not correct)
(b) He mentioned that Sarita was not well, didn’t he?

Rule 19‘I’ subject भएका reporting clause को verb believe, guess, know, reckon, suppose, think इत्यादि भएमा reported clause बाट tag बनाउने ।

Examples:

(a) I suppose you think that’s clever, don’t you?
(b) I don’t think it will rain, will it?
(c) I think it’s going to rain, isn’t it?

Rule 20यदि must ले necessity (आवश्यकता) देखाएमा tag मा needn’t को प्रयोग गर्ने ।

Examples:

(Example context implied from usage)

5. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

यस इकाईमा affirmative, negative र interrogative वाक्यहरूको निर्माण प्रक्रियाको चर्चा गरिएको छ ।

5.1 Affirmative and Negative

Affirmative वाक्यलाई Negative मा परिवर्तन गर्दा निम्न नियमहरू पालना गर्नुपर्छ ।

5.1.1 Common Rules of Changing Affirmative into Negative

Rule 1सामान्यतया Auxiliary verb भएका वाक्यहरूमा auxiliary verb पछि ‘not’ थपेर negative बनाइन्छ ।

Examples: (A = Affirmative, N = Negative)

(a) A: Ramesh is reading now.
N: Ramesh is not reading now.
(b) A: Alice has done it.
N: Alice has not done it.
(c) A: Jerry can carry it.
N: Jerry cannot carry it.
(d) A: Basil will phone George.
N: Basil will not phone George.
(e) A: Ram was helping her.
N: Ram wasn’t helping her.
(f) A: We shall go there.
N: We shan’t go there.

Rule 2यदि एकभन्दा बढी auxiliary verb छन् भने, पहिलो auxiliary verb पछि ‘not’ राख्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A: She will have been doing it.
N: She won’t have been doing it. (will not = won’t)
(b) A: Bill has been beaten.
N: Bill has not been beaten.
(c) A: Catherine will be playing chess.
N: Catherine won’t be playing chess.

Note: Auxiliary verb सँग ‘not’ लाई contracted form मा जोडेर वा छुट्टै प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Example:

A: Ram will be dancing.
N: Ram will not be dancing.
or, N: Ram won’t be dancing.

Rule 3यदि Auxiliary verb छैन भने, negative बनाउन ‘do’ verb को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A: They can kill the tiger.
N: They cannot kill the tiger.
or, N: They can’t kill the tiger.
(b) A: They help us.
N: They don’t help us. (V1 = do)
(c) A: She makes a chair.
N: She does not make a chair. (V5 = does)
(d) A: Ram carries his bag.
N: Ram does not carry his bag.
(e) A: They destroyed it.
N: They did not destroy it. (V2 = did)

Note: Do not/does not/did not पछि, मुख्य verb सधैं V1 form मा राख्नुपर्छ ।

Rule 4यदि ‘have’ verb मुख्य verb को रूपमा आएको छ भने, ‘do’ verb को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A: We have a problem.
N: We do not have a problem. (have = do)
(b) A: Celia has a car.
N: Celia doesn’t have a car. (has = does)
(c) A: Hilary had a bad dream.
N: Hilary didn’t have a bad dream. (had = did)

Rule 5‘Have to’ form र ‘used to’ form भएका वाक्यहरू ‘do’ verb को प्रयोग गरेर negative बनाइन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A: Alvin has to write to him.
N: Alvin doesn’t have to write to him. (has to = doesn’t have to)
(b) A: We had to call him.
N: We didn’t have to call him. (had to = didn’t have to)
(c) A: She used to dance.
N: She didn’t use to dance. (used to = didn’t use to)

5.1.2 Changing Other Words

कहिलेकाहीं negative हरू सीधै ‘not’ थपेर बनाइँदैन तर अन्य शब्दहरू परिवर्तन गरेर बनाइन्छ । तलको तालिका अध्ययन गरौं ।

Affirmative	Negative
always/usually/often	never/seldom
frequently/generally	rarely/hardly
some/every	any/not
some of/most of/all of	none of
already	not … yet
as … as	not so … as
had better	had better not
would rather	would rather not
either … or	neither … nor
either of	neither of
let’s	let’s not

Examples:

(a) A: She always drinks heavily.
N: She never drinks heavily.
(b) A: He frequently comes here.
N: He rarely comes here.
(c) A: Everybody is present.
N: Nobody is present.
(d) A: I have bought some pens.
N: I haven’t bought any pens.
(e) A: Most of the students are good.
N: None of the students are good.
(f) A: They have already completed it.
N: They have not completed it yet.
(g) A: She is as brilliant as you are.
N: She is not so brilliant as you are.
(h) A: You’d better go out.
N: You’d better not go out.
(i) A: She’d rather dance.
N: She’d rather not dance.
(j) A: Either Rana or you are going there.
N: Neither Rana nor you are going there.
(k) A: Let’s play.
N: Let’s not play.

5.2 Statements and Questions

Statements लाई दुई प्रकारका प्रश्नहरूमा परिवर्तन गर्न सकिन्छ: Yes/No Questions र Wh-Questions ।

5.2.1 From Statements into Yes/No Questions

Structure: Aux. verb + sub … main verb … ?

Statements लाई yes/no questions मा परिवर्तन गर्दा निम्न नियमहरू पालना गर्नुपर्छ ।

Rule 1सामान्यतया auxiliary verb भएका वाक्यहरूमा auxiliary verb लाई वाक्यको सुरूमा राखेर yes/no questions बनाइन्छ ।

Examples: (S = Statement, Q = Yes/No question)

(a) S: Antonia was driving a car.
Q: Was Antonia driving a car?
(b) S: She can phone you.
Q: Can she phone you?
(c) S: Amy has been awarded.
Q: Has Amy been awarded?
(d) S: We should preserve the Jungle.
Q: Should we preserve the jungle?
(e) S: They didn’t invite you.
Q: Didn’t they invite you?

Rule 2यदि एकभन्दा बढी auxiliary verb छन् भने, पहिलो auxiliary verb लाई सुरूमा राख्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: She will have been doing it.
Q: Will she have been doing it?
(b) S: Hari has been dancing.
Q: Has Hari been dancing?
(c) S: It will have been completed.
Q: Will it have been completed?

Note: Yes/no questions मा, सामान्यतया ‘I’ र ‘we’ सँग ‘shall’ को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: We will phone him.
Q: Shall we phone him?
(b) S: We will go to Dharan.
Q: Shall we go to Dharan?

तर, ‘Will we phone him?’ भन्नु उचित हुँदैन ।

Rule 3यदि statement मा auxiliary verb छैन भने, ‘do’ verb को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: You invite them.
Q: Do you invite them? (V1 = do)
(b) S: She always carries a bag.
Q: Does she always carry a bag? (V5 = does)
(c) S: They stopped doing it.
Q: Did they stop doing it? (V2 = did)

Rule 4यदि ‘have’ verb मुख्य verb को रूपमा आएको छ भने, प्रश्नमा ‘do’ verb को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: They have a car.
Q: Do they have a car? (have = do)
(b) S: He has his meal at ten.
Q: Does he have his meal at ten? (has = does)
(c) S: He had a problem.
Q: Did he have a problem? (had = did)

Rule 5यदि ‘have to’ र ‘used to’ forms छन् भने, प्रश्नहरूमा ‘do verb’ को प्रयोग गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: We have to invite him.
Q: Do we have to invite him? (have to = Do … have to)
(b) S: He has to meet her.
Q: Does he have to meet her? (has to = Does … have to)
(c) S: She had to come here.
Q: Did she have to come here? (had to = Did … have to)
(d) S: He used to dance.
Q: Did he use to dance? (used to = Did … use to)

Rule 6सामान्यतया Yes/no questions मा ‘some’ लाई ‘any’ मा परिवर्तन गर्नुपर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: He has bought some cows.
Q: Has he bought any cows?
(b) S: She told you something.
Q: Did she tell you anything?

5.2.2 From Statements into Wh-questions

Wh-questions लाई Question Word questions पनि भन्न सकिन्छ । सामान्यतया wh-question को structure निम्नानुसार हुन्छ:

Structure: Q.W. + Aux.v + sub … main verb … ? (Q.W. = Question Word)

यद्यपि,

Subject को लागि सोध्दा यो structure प्रयोग हुँदैन ।
Statements लाई wh-questions मा परिवर्तन गर्दा, Statement मा भेटिएको उत्तर हटाउनुपर्छ ।
सामान्यतया yes/no questions बनाउदा प्रयोग गरिएका सबै नियमहरू (माथि लेखिएका) लागू हुन्छन् ।
Wh-questions ले ‘who, which, whom, why, what, how…’ जस्ता प्रश्न शब्दहरू प्रयोग गर्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: Ram made a car. (who-question)
Q: Who made a car?
(b) S: She likes the book which is on the table. (which-question)
Q: Which book does she like?
(c) S: She phoned Hari. (whom-question)
Q: Whom did she phone?
(d) S: She was going to Dharan to meet her father. (why-question)
Q: Why was she going to Dharan?
(e) S: Hari killed a tiger. (what-question)
Q: What did Hari kill?
(f) S: She has done it very quickly. (how-question)
Q: How has she done it?
(g) S: She frequently goes there. (how often-question)
Q: How often does she go there?

अब, प्रत्येक प्रश्न-शब्द प्रयोग गरेर कसरी प्रश्नहरू बनाउने भन्ने कुराको चर्चा गरौं ।

1. Why?: ‘Why-question’ दुई अवस्थाहरूमा बनाइन्छ: Reason र Purpose ।

Examples:

(a) S: She passed the exam because of her hard study.
Q: Why did she pass the exam?
(यहाँ ‘because of her hard study’ reason हो, त्यसैले यो प्रश्नबाट हटाइन्छ ।)
(b) S: She went to market in order to buy some vegetables.
Q: Why did she go to market?
(यहाँ ‘in order to buy some vegetables’ ले purpose देखाउँछ, त्यसैले यो प्रश्नबाट हटाइन्छ ।)

2. Who?: सामान्यतया प्रयोग गरिन्छ जब subject व्यक्ति हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: Tracy has made three buildings.
Q: Who has made three buildings?
(b) S: Ram killed Ravan.
Q: Who killed Ravan?
(c) S: Livia always phones Bill.
Q: Who always phones Bill?

Note: व्यक्ति subject को लागि who-question बनाउँदा, statement मा auxiliary verb नभए पनि ‘do’ verb प्रयोग गर्न सकिँदैन । माथिका examples b र c मा, क्रमशः ‘did’ र ‘does’ प्रयोग गर्न सकिँदैन ।

Incorrect Examples:

Who did kill Ravan? (यो वाक्य गलत छ)
Who does always phone Bill? (यो वाक्य गलत छ)

3. What?: सामान्यतया object subject को लागि, verb को लागि, र object को लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) S: The flood killed ten local people.
Q: What killed ten local people?
(यहाँ ‘the flood’ उत्तर हो, त्यसैले यो हटाइन्छ ।)
(b) S: He went to Kathmandu.
Q: What did he do? (for verb)
(c) S: Toni has killed a tiger.
Q: What has Toni killed? (for object)

4. How?: काम कसरी गरियो भन्ने तरिका (manner) को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: He passed the exam studying hard.
Q: How did he pass the exam?
(b) S: Rajan broke the window and entered the room.
Q: How did Rajan enter the room?

5. How often?: गरिएको कामको frequency को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: She frequently invites him.
Q: How often does she invite him?
(b) S: He goes to temple every morning.
Q: How often does he go to temple?

6. Where?: स्थान (place) को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: Alice was born in America.
Q: Where was Alice born?
(b) S: She met him on the way.
Q: Where did she meet him?

7. When?: समय (time) को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: He was born in 1950.
Q: When was he born?
(b) S: They got married at the age of sixty.
Q: When did they get married?

8. How much?: कुनै पनि object को मात्रा (quantity) को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: He sold a lot of sugar.
Q: How much sugar did he sell?
(b) S: She has earned more money.
Q: How much money has she earned?

9. How many?: कुनै पनि व्यक्ति वा object को सङ्ख्या (number) को लागि ।

Examples:

(a) S: He bought three goats this year.
Q: How many goats did he buy this year?
(b) S: Ten students were awarded medals.
Q: How many students were awarded medals?

10. Whose?: अर्को व्यक्ति वा object सँगको व्यक्तिको सम्बन्ध देखाउन ।

Examples:

(a) S: She married Hari’s son.
Q: Whose son did she marry?
(b) S: He has borrowed Ram’s car.
Q: Whose car has he borrowed?

Note 1: यस्तै गरी, अन्य ‘question-words’ हरू पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Note 2: केही अवस्थाहरूमा, प्रश्नहरू अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा बनाइन्छन् । यस्ता प्रश्नहरूलाई indirect questions भनिन्छ । यी प्रश्नहरूलाई दुई भागमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ: yes/no र wh-question ।

Examples:

(a) I don’t know what this word means.
(b) Can you tell me whether there is a bank near here?
(c) I wonder what time it is.
(d) Do you know what time they left?
(e) I’ve no idea who that man is.
(f) Tell me what you want.
(g) I don’t know whether Ann is going out tonight.
(h) Have you any idea where Carol lives?

Note 3: Subject बाट सुरु हुने indirect questions को अन्त्यमा ‘full stop’ राख्नुपर्छ । (प्रश्न चिन्ह होइन) । उदाहरणको लागि: माथिका वाक्यहरू ‘a, c, e र g’ को अन्त्यमा full stop छ ।

Note 4: Main verb बाट सुरु हुने वा command sentence structure भएका indirect questions को अन्त्यमा पनि full stop राखिन्छ । उदाहरणको लागि: माथि नम्बर ‘f’ हेर्नुहोस् ।

6. AGREEMENT

The relationship between 2 grammatical items in any sentence is called agreement/concord. Here, some conditions/rules of concord are presented with examples.

6.1 Principles of Agreement/Concord

Generally, there are 3 principles of concord: grammatical concord, notional concord, and the proximity principle of concord.

1The Principle of Grammatical Concord: If the subject of any sentence is singular, a singular verb is used, and if it is plural, a plural verb is used. This type of principle is called grammatical concord.

Examples:

(a) A cow is grazing there.
(b) Some cows are grazing there.

2The Principle of Notional Concord: The verb is used based on the notion of the sentence’s subject. For example, some collective nouns (government, committee, etc.) are considered plural in British English based on notion, but the structure of those nouns is singular.

Examples:

(a) The committee has decided it.
(b) The committee have different opinions.

3The Principle of Proximity: The form of the verb in any sentence is determined based on the nearest subject (noun/pronoun) to that verb. This principle is called the principle of proximity.

Examples:

(a) Either Hari or you have done it.
(b) Either you or Hari has done it.

Now we mention some rules based on these principles of agreement/concord. The following abbreviations are used when presenting structures.

1. CN: Countable Noun
2. UN: Uncountable Noun
3. SN: Singular Noun
4. PN: Plural Noun
5. V: Verb
6. N: Noun
7. SV: Singular Verb
8. PV: Plural Verb

6.2 Some Rules of S-V Agreement

Some common and general rules of subject-verb concord are presented with some examples here.

Rule 1SN + SV: A singular subject noun requires a singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Kajol always goes to temple.
(b) Bipin never studies hard.
(c) Mt. Everest is situated in Nepal.
(d) Martin Hewins has written an English grammar.
(e) She is honest and helpful.

Rule 2PN + PV: A plural subject noun needs a plural verb.

Examples:

(a) My children are school-students.
(b) It is said that women are kinder than men.
(c) Some cows have been sold.
(d) They always go to church in the morning.
(e) We do not believe him.

Rule 3When a subject is realized by a head noun phrase, it is considered as singular.

Examples:

(a) The change in male attitudes is most obvious in industry.
(b) The changes in male attitude are most obvious in industry.

Rule 4Finite and non-finite clauses are singular.

Examples:

(a) Why you were awarded doesn’t concern me. (finite clause)
(b) To treat them as hostages is not good. (non-finite clause)
(c) Smoking cigarettes is injurious to our health. (non-finite)

Rule 5Prepositional phrases and adverbs functioning as the subject are treated as singular.

Examples:

(a) In the evenings is worst for me. (prepositional phrase)
(b) Slowly and carefully functions here. (adverb functioning as the subject)

Rule 6But nominal relative clauses are on the continuum from clause to noun phrase. For the purpose of concord, their number depends on the interpretation of the number of the wh-element.

Examples:

(a) What were supposed to be new proposals were in fact modifications of earlier ones. (plural)
(b) What was once a palace is now a pile of rubble. (singular)

Rule 7With the determiner what and whatever the concord depends on the number of the determined noun.

Examples:

(a) Whatever book a reviewer of the Kathmandu Post praises sells well.
(b) What ideas she has are her husband’s.

Rule 8The + Nationality/Adjective + PV: ‘The’ followed by the noun indicating nationality or adjective is considered plural.

Examples:

(a) The Nepali are honest. (nationality)
(b) The Chinese have helped us. (nationality)
(c) The homeless are to be helped. (adjective)
(d) The rich have to help the poor. (adjective)

Rule 9Indefinite Pronoun + SV: The indefinite pronouns such as somebody, someone, nobody, no one, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, something, nothing, anything and everything as the subject of the verb are followed by the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Everybody is present at the meeting.
(b) Someone has been beaten by him.
(c) Does anybody inform you the arrival of the leader?
(d) Everything owns pros and cons.

Note: We use plural pronouns ‘they, them, themselves, their’ to refer to the indefinite pronouns (somebody/someone, …) indicating people.

Examples:

(a) Somebody has left their bike on the side of the road.
(b) Everyone was present there. When the leader was speaking, they became very happy.
(c) No-one likes having their teeth drilled.
(d) Can everybody see themselves in the mirror?

Rule 10One of the + PN + SV: The plural noun in the phrase ‘one of the + PN’ is used with the singular verb because the subject is ‘One’ among many.

Examples:

(a) One of the beauty spots in Nepal is Pokhara.
(b) One of the students has got the scholarship.
(c) One of the farmers was awarded in the programme.

Rule 11None /a few/some/most/ all + of + PN + PV: Some phrases such as none of the girls, a few of the boys, some of the girls, all of the students, etc. conjugate with the plural verb.

Examples:

(a) None of the students have failed.
(b) Some of the student are playing there.
(c) A few of the paragraphs have been written.
(d) Most of the teachers are studious.
(e) All of the students always do their homework.

Rule 12Some/most/all + of + UN + SV: Uncountable nouns can occur after some of/most of/all of. These nouns are singular. Therefore, they agree with the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Some of the sugar has been sold.
(b) Most of the water in this tank is polluted.
(c) All of the milk gets poisoned.

Rule 13PN + Preposition + SN/PN + PV: The plural nouns followed by a preposition before either singular or plural nouns always takes the plural verb.

Examples:

(a) The legs of the table are strong.
(b) The legs of the tables are strong.
(c) The students in the room have been reading.

Rule 14SN + Preposition + SN/PN + SV: Singular nouns followed by prepositions before either singular or plural nouns take the singular verbs.

Examples:

(a) The opinion of the mentalists is really appreciable.
(b) The skill of the players has influenced each member of the audience.
(c) The price of the rice is rapidly increasing nowadays.

Rule 15No + PN + PV: Plural nouns after the word ‘No’ take the plural verb.

Examples:

(a) No students have passed the exam.
(b) No girls in the class are brilliant at English.

Rule 16No + SN/UN + SV: Singular or uncountable nouns after the word ‘No’ take the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) No answer you have written is correct.
(b) No honesty has been seen in you.

Rule 17Each /Every + SN + SV: Singular nouns after the word each always take the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Each boy was given something.
(b) Each farmer works hard.
(c) Every adult and every child was holding a flag.
(d) Each Senator and Congressman was allocated two seats.
(e) Each of them has spoken for the motion.

But: They have each signed the contract.

Rule 18Each of + PN + SV: Plural nouns after each of take the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Each of the examinees was well-informed.
(b) Each of the students plays a game.
(c) Each of them has completed.

Rule 19The -s ending UN + SV: Some nouns that end in -s are often singular. Some of them are politics, economics, physics, mathematics, news, ethics, etc. They often take the singular verb.

Examples:

(a) Mathematics is nicely taught here.
(b) Some people feel that politics is a dirty game.
(c) The news broadcast today morning has influenced the people concerned.
(d) The ethics you own does something good for you.

Rule 20Two-part Noun + PV: Some nouns have two identical parts. Some of them are scissors, shorts, pants, jeans, tongs, pliers, binoculars, trousers, glasses, spectacles, tights, pincers, pyjamas, tweezers, braces, goggles, etc. These nouns are grammatically considered plural. Therefore, they take a plural verb.

Examples:

(a) Your trousers are dirty. They need cleaning.
(b) Some scissors have been lost. Have you seen them?
(c) His shorts do not fit him.
(d) Where are your binoculars?

7. TENSE

Tense (काल) भनेको sentence को verb (क्रिया) को त्यो रूप हो जुन सामान्यतः meaning (अर्थ) र time (समय) सँग सम्बन्धित हुन्छ । तर tense र time एउटै कुरा होइनन् । सामान्यतः तीन प्रकारका tenses छन् । ती हुन् present, past र future. प्रत्येक tense का चारवटा aspects (पक्षहरू) हुन्छन् । ती हुन्:

Simple (सामान्य)
Continuous (अपूर्ण)
Perfect (पूर्ण)
Perfect Continuous (पूर्णापूर्ण)

यहाँ प्रत्येक tense का structures लाई affirmative statement को रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ । तर examples विभिन्न transformations पनि हुन सक्छन् ।

7.1 Present Simple (सामान्य वर्तमान)

7.1.1 Structure

(a) Active Voice: Sub + V1/V5 + (obj)
(b) Passive Voice: Obj + is/am/are + V3 + (by agent)

7.1.2 Uses of Present Simple

Present Simple Tense लाई निम्न अवस्थाहरूमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

1ध्रुवसत्य कुरा (Universal Truth) को लागिः समय र स्थानअनुसार परिवर्तन नहुने कुराहरूलाई universal truth भनिन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) A man has two legs.
(b) Blood is red.
(c) Is the sun hot?
(d) How does the earth move round the sun?

2कसैको वर्तमान आदत (Present Habit) को लागि:

Examples:

(a) Bill always drinks heavily.
(b) Raju drinks three cups of tea everyday.
(c) Does she come here regularly?
(d) She never smokes.

3दैनिक कार्यतालिका (Daily Routine) अनुसार गरिने कामको लागि:

Examples:

(a) Ram gets up at 5 and goes to school at ten.
(b) Her office opens at ten.
(c) Do you get up at six every morning?
(d) Our college gets closed at five.

4भविष्यमा गरिने योजनाबद्ध काम (Future Planned Action) को लागि:

Examples:

(a) He goes to Pokhara next week as he has already bought the plane ticket.
(b) I leave for Dharan tomorrow.
(c) She makes a building next year. She has already planned it.

Note: यो अवस्थामा tense present भए पनि time चाहिँ future हुन्छ । माथिका examples मा next week, tomorrow, next year सबै future time सूचक शब्दहरू हुन् ।

5कुनै वस्तु (Thing) वा व्यक्ति (Person) को वर्तमान स्थितिको लागि:

Examples:

(a) She is a teacher now.
(b) Biratnagar is situated in Morang.

6सामान्यतः English proverb (अङ्ग्रेजी उखान) लाई present tense मा लेखिन्छ:

Examples:

(a) All seems yellow to the jaundiced eyes.
(b) A man quarrels with his tools.
(c) Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

7कुनै पनि भनाइ (Quotation or Saying) लाई उल्लेख गर्दा यो tense को प्रयोग गरिन्छ:

Examples:

(a) Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.”
(b) Shakespeare says, “Love is not a time’s fool.”
(c) Edison states, “Necessity is the mother of invention.”

7.1.3 Common time-words used with this Tense:

usually, often, frequently (बारम्बार), generally, sometimes, nowadays, rarely (विरलै), hardly, seldom (विरलै), every morning, everyday, once a day, twice a week, etc.

Notes:

यी माथिका time adverbs/time-words यो tense को साथमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ तर यी time-words आउँदा अन्य tenses पनि प्रयोग हुन सक्छ ।
Negative र question बनाउँदा do verb को प्रयोग हुन सक्छ ।
- V1 = do…
- V5 = does…
- V2 = did…

Examples:

(a)

A: Ram makes a car.
N: Ram does not make a car.
Q: Does Ram make a car?

(b)

A: We always phone him.
N: We never phone him.
Q: Do we always phone him?

7.1.4 The spelling Rules of -s/-es Form

Verb लाई third person singular बनाउँदा सामान्यतः ‘-es’ थपिन्छ ।

1अन्त्यमा e र ee हुने verb मा सीधै ‘s’ मात्र थपिन्छ ।

see + s = sees
argue + s = argues
die + s = dies
hope + s = hopes
make + s = makes
write + s = writes

2अन्त्यमा s, ss, sh, ch, x, z र o हुने verb मा सीधै ‘es’ थपिन्छ ।

pass + es = passes
go + es = goes
push + es = pushes
catch + es = catches

3Verb को अन्त्यमा ‘y’ भए उक्त ‘y’ लाई ‘i’ मा बदली ‘es’ थपिन्छ ।

carry + es = carries
study + es = studies
marry + es = marries
hurry + es = hurries

7.1.6 Summarized Structures of the Tenses

Aspects	Present	Past	Future
Simple	Sub + V1/V5 + (obj) (Passive: is/am/are + V3)	Sub + V2 + (obj) (Passive: was/were + V3)	Sub + shall/will + infi. + (obj) (Passive: shall/will + be + V3)
Continuous	Sub + is/am/are + V4 + (obj) (Passive: is/am/are + being + V3)	Sub + was/were + V4 + (obj) (Passive: was/were + being + V3)	Sub + shall/will + be + V4 + (obj) (No passive structure)
Perfect	Sub + have/has + V3 + (obj) (Passive: have/has + been + V3)	Sub + had + V3 + (obj) (Passive: had + been + V3)	Sub + shall/will + have + V3 + (obj) (Passive: shall/will + have + been + V3)
Perfect Continuous	Sub + have/has + been + V4 + (obj) (No passive structure)	Sub + had + been + V4 + (obj) (No passive structure)	Sub + shall/will + have + been + V4 + (obj) (No passive structure)

8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF SENTENCES)

Conditional sentences (सर्तात्मक वाक्यहरू) एकभन्दा बढी clauses (वाक्य खण्डहरू) मिलेर बनेका हुन्छन् । यस्ता sentences मा निश्चित कालहरू (tenses) को निश्चित संयोजन हुन्छ । यस्ता sentences लाई सामान्यतः तीन प्रकारमा विभाजन गरिन्छ ।

8.1 Type – 1: Cause and Effect (कारण र परिणाम)

Structures:

(a) If + present simple, future simple
(b) If + present simple, present simple
(c) If + present simple, imperative

Examples:

(a) If he comes here, she will feel happy.
(b) If we boil water, it changes into steam. (Scientific truth)
(or) If we boil water, it will change into steam.
(c) Study hard if you want to pass the exam.

Note-1: यदि If-clause को कारणले हुने result (परिणाम) निश्चित हुन्छ भने main clause लाई present simple मा नै राख्न सकिन्छ । माथिको example ‘b’ हेरौ । त्यसैगरी:

(a) If you heat ice, it melts.
or, If you heat ice, it will melt.

Note-2: If clause लाई पहिलो वा दोस्रो जुन स्थानमा पनि राख्न सकिन्छ ।

e.g. She will be unwell if she drinks dirty water.
or, If she drinks dirty water, she will be unwell.

Note-3: If clause मा present simple को सट्टा कुनै पनि present tenses को प्रयोग हुन सक्छ ।

(a) If he is doing his homework, he won’t go out.
(b) She will certainly come here if you have invited her.
(c) If it has been raining for a long time, she will stay at home.

माथिका examples मा क्रमशः present continuous, present perfect र present perfect continuous tenses को प्रयोग गरिएको छ ।

8.2 Type – 2: Imaginative (काल्पनिक) but Possible (सम्भावना)

Structure:

(a) If + past simple, …… would/could + infinitive….

Examples:

(a) If I were you, I would help him.
(b) If he phoned me, I would feel happy.
(c) He would be unwell if he ate dirty food.
(d) If they killed a tiger, they could be arrested.
(e) What would you do if you were the Prime Minister of the state?

Note: (a) If clause मा past simple को सट्टा past continuous को प्रयोग पनि हुन सक्छ । (b) Main clause मा ‘would/could + infinitive’ को सट्टा past simple को पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । (c) If clause को ‘if’ लाई हटाई ‘be’ verb शुरुमा राखेर पनि statement बनाउन सकिन्छ ।

(a) If they were playing volleyball, I would not call them.
(b) If you wanted me, why didn’t you phone?
(c) If I were a bird, I’d fly in the sky.
= Were I a bird, I’d fly in the sky.

8.3 Type – 3: Imagination (कल्पना) and Impossible (असम्भव)

Structure:

(a) If + past perfect, ……would/could + have + V3

Examples:

(a) If she had phoned him, he would have been happy.
(b) They would have arrived if they had been informed on time.

Note-1: If clause मा past perfect को सट्टा past perfect continuous र main clause मा ‘would/could + have + V3’ को सट्टा ‘would/could + have + been + V1’ (Continuous form) को पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

(a) If she had been doing it, I would not have disturbed her.
(b) If he had joined the army, he would have been fighting somewhere.

Note-2: If clause मा ‘if’ लाई हटाई निम्न प्रकारले पनि sentences लेख्न सकिन्छ ।

(a) If he had gone there, he would have been working hard.
= Had he gone there, he would have been working hard.
(यो प्रकारको sentence पनि statement नै हो, question होइन । यो पुरानो structure हो ।)

8.4 Unless

Unless को meaning ‘except if’ (यस्तो नभएमा) भन्ने भएमा यसको प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । Unless = If …… not / except if Unless को meaning negative हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low.
(b) Unless there is a plane strike, I will be back tomorrow.
(c) Let’s have dinner out unless you are too tired.
(d) Unless it rains, I’m going to dig the garden this afternoon.
(e) Unless I am mistaken, he was back at work yesterday.
(f) Unless something unexpected happens, I will meet him tomorrow.

Note-1: भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने सम्भावित घटना वा आउन सक्ने स्थितिको बारेमा मात्र unless को प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ तर पहिले भइसकेका घटनाहरू, जसको जानकारी वक्तालाई भइसकेको छ, त्यस्तो अवस्थामा if …. not नै प्रयोग गर्नु राम्रो हुन्छ ।

Example:

If you weren’t always in such a hurry, your work would be much better. (Unless = except if)

Note-2: Unless को अर्थ ‘because …… not’ जस्तो भएमा सट्टामा if ……. not नै प्रयोग गर्नु राम्रो हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) We will meet this evening at 6:00 unless my bus is late. (Correct: except … if को अर्थमा)
(b) His wife will be angry if he is not home by 9:00. (Correct: because … not को अर्थमा)
But: His wife will be angry unless he gets home by 9:00. (Not correct: Because … not को अर्थमा)
(c) I will drive over and see you, unless the car breaks down. (Correct: except … if को अर्थमा)
(d) He will be surprised if the car doesn’t break down. (Correct)
But: He will be surprised unless the car breaks down. (Incorrect: because … not को अर्थमा)

8.5 Whether……..or

एकभन्दा बढी कारण (cause) हरूको एउटै परिणाम (result) हुने भएमा whether…or को प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

Structure:

Whether + 1st condition or 2nd condition + result

Examples:

(a) Whether we build more hospitals or train more doctors, people won’t be healthy without clean drinking water, good sanitation and a balanced diet.
(b) Whether he goes to Kathmandu or Pokhara, I won’t follow him.

8.6 I Wish Structures

‘I wish….’ structures लाई पनि conditional sentences अन्तर्गत नै राख्न सकिन्छ । यी sentences लाई पनि तीन समूहमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

1. ‘I Wish + Past Simple’ Structure:

Present (वर्तमान) situation को बारेमा पश्चाताप (regret) गर्दा I wish पछि past simple को प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यहाँ tense past भए पनि meaning (अर्थ) present नै हुन्छ ।

e.g.

(a) I wish I had a bag. (I need one but I don’t have)
(b) I wish I didn’t have to work for tomorrow. (I’d like to stay in bed)

2. ‘I Wish + Past Perfect’ Structure:

भूतकालीन अवस्था (past situation) को बारेमा regret (पश्चाताप) गर्दा यो structure को प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

e.g.

(a) I wish I had applied for the job advertised. (But I didn’t do)
(b) I wish I hadn’t phoned her. (But I phoned)

यो structure प्रयोग गर्दा situation चाहिँ past हुन्छ ।

3. ‘I Wish + …….Would + Infinitive’ Structure:

यो structure कुनै changes (परिवर्तनहरू) र action (काम) को लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यो अवस्था पनि present नै हुन्छ ।

e.g.

(a) I wish it would stop raining. (Now it is raining and I do not like it)
(b) I wish the baby would stop crying. (I am being disturbed now.)

9. CAUSATIVE VERBS

English मा सामान्यतः ‘make, get र have’ verbs लाई causative verbs को रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ । यी verbs सँग सम्बन्धित केही कुरा हेरौं ।

Causative verb प्रयोग भएको sentence मा कम्तीमा अर्को एक action verb पनि हुन्छ ।
विभिन्न tenses का संरचना (structure) अनुसार causative verb लाई नै बदल्नु पर्छ तर अर्को action verb लाई होइन ।
Causative verb प्रयोग भएका sentences मा,
- काम गराउने (subject),
- काम गर्ने (agent or doer) र
- काम गरिने (object) हुन्छन् ।
Doer ले subject ले लगाएअनुसारको काम गर्छ ।
कहिलेकाहीँ ‘let’ verb लाई पनि causative verb का रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।
Agent/doer लाई objective case मा राख्नुपर्छ ।

9.1 Causative Verb ‘Make’

Structures:

1. Active: Sub + make + agent + infinitive + (obj)

2. Passive: Agent + …..be verb + made + to infi…….

Examples:

(a) Anna made Bill write a letter.
(b) Does she make you sing a song?
(c) Why has he made her go out?
(d) He is making me write to her.
(e) He was made to dance.
(f) How was she made to sing a song?
(g) She is made to go out.
(h) He has been made to study hard.

Notes:

माथिका examples ‘a, b, c र d’ पहिलो structure र ‘e, f, g र h’ दोस्रो structure सँग सम्बन्धित छन् ।
पहिलो structure ‘active voice’ हो भने दोस्रो structure ‘passive voice’ हो ।
Causative verb ‘make’ active voice को रूपमा हुँदा त्यसपछि आउने verb ‘infinitive’ हुन्छ । तर causative verb ‘make’ passive voice को रूपमा हुँदा त्यस पछि आउँने verb ‘to infinitive’ हुन्छ ।

e.g.

A: Raju made her dance.
P: She was made to dance by Raju.
A: Bill makes Anna prepare meal.
P: Anna is made to prepare meal by Bill.
A: He will make me visit him.
P: I will be made to visit him.

9.2 Causative Verb ‘Have’

Structures:

1. Active: Sub + have + Agent + infinitive + (obj)

2. Passive: Sub + have + obj + V3 + (by Agent)

Examples:

(a) Biru has his cook prepare a cup of tea.
(b) Rohan had me go out.
(c) They have had us dance.
(d) She will have her bicycle repaired.
(e) I have had my book stolen.
(f) She had had her son beaten.

Notes:

माथिका examples मा ‘a, b, c,’ पहिलो structure र ‘d, e, f’ दोस्रो structure सँग सम्बन्धित छन् ।
यदि causative verb ‘have’ पछि तुरुन्तै ‘agent’ भएमा उक्त ‘agent’ पछि ‘infinitive’ हुन्छ तर causative verb ‘have’ पछि तुरुन्तै ‘object’ भएमा उक्त ‘object’ पछि ‘V3’ हुन्छ ।

e.g.

(a) Hari will have her write a letter.
(b) Hari will have a letter written by her.
(c) She had me invite him.
(d) She had him invited by me.
(e) They always have him cook their meal.
(f) They always have their meal cooked by him.

माथिका ‘a र b’, ‘c र d’ तथा ‘e र f’ तुलना गरौं । माथिका examples a, c, र e पहिलो structure सँग र b, d र f दोस्रो structure सँग सम्बन्धित छन् ।

9.3 Causative Verb ‘Get’

Structures:

1. Active: Sub + get + Agent + to infi + (obj)

2. Passive: Sub + get + obj + V3 + (by Agent)

Examples:

(a) She got him to write a letter.
(b) They will get her to dance.
(c) Has she got you to meet him?
(d) Did he get you to make a table?
(e) He has got her bicycle repaired.
(f) Does he get her clothes washed?
(g) He was getting my dog beaten.
(h) Get your pen refilled.

Notes:

माथिका examples मा ‘a, b, c, d’ पहिलो structure सँग र ‘e, f, g, h’ दोस्रो structure सँग सम्बन्धित छन् ।
Causative verb ‘get’ पछि तुरुन्तै ‘agent’ आएमा उक्त ‘agent’ पछि ‘to infinitive’ हुन्छ । तर Causative verb ‘get’ पछि तुरुन्तै ‘object’ भएमा उक्त ‘object’ पछि V3 हुन्छ ।

e.g.

(a) Hari got his son to write a letter. (agent + to infi.)
(b) Hari got a letter written by his son. (obj + V3)
(c) They get me to do it. (agent + to infi.)
(d) They get it done by me. (obj + V3)
(e) Has she got you to call her? (agent + to infi.)
(f) Has he got her called by you? (obj + V3)

माथिका ‘a र b’, ‘c र d’ तथा ‘e र f’ तुलना गरौं ।

9.4 Summarized Structures of the Causative Verbs

Make/Have/Let (Active): Sub + make/have/let + agent + infinitive + (obj)
Get (Active): Sub + get + agent + to infinitive + (obj)
Get/Have (Passive): Sub + get/have + obj + V3 + (by Agent)
Make (Passive Voice): …be verb + made + to infinitive + (obj)

Examples:

(a) Did you make her read the book?
(b) She had me help him.
(c) Did you have her dance?
(d) I let you meet him.
(e) She got her son to visit him.
(f) Get your clothes washed.
(g) Hari has his bicycle stolen.
(h) I was made to write a book.

9.5 ‘Let’ as a Causative Verb

Structure: Sub + let + agent + infi. + (obj)

Examples:

(a) I let her visit him.
(b) Did you let your brother smoke?
(c) Don’t let your son drink.
(d) Hari does not let you dance.
(e) Do you let me use your bike?

Exercise 10.1

Choose the best answer from the brackets.

1. The engineer got the work men (build, built, to build) the house.

Solution: The engineer got the workmen to build the house.

Rule: When using “get” as a causative verb with a person (someone doing the action), the structure is: get + person + to + infinitive.

• Example: I got him to wash the car.

2. We made him (write, to write, written) a letter.

Solution: We made him write a letter.

Rule: When using “make” as a causative verb in the active voice, the structure is: make + person + bare infinitive (the verb without “to”).

• Example: The teacher made the student study.

3. My mother got me (do, to do, done) my homework.

Solution: My mother got me to do my homework.

Rule: Similar to the first sentence, this uses the structure get + person + to + infinitive.

• Example: She got her brother to help.

4. Don’t get her (to beat, beat, beaten).

Solution: Don’t get her beaten.

Rule: This sentence uses the passive causative structure: get + object + past participle (V3). Here, “her” is the receiver of the action (she is the one being beaten), not the doer.

• Example: I got my hair cut.

5. Don’t get her (to beat, beat, beaten) him.

Solution: Don’t get her to beat him.

Rule: Here, “her” is the doer of the action (she is the one doing the beating). Therefore, we return to the active structure: get + person + to + infinitive.

• Example: Get him to stop.

10. VOICE

अङ्ग्रेजीमा active (कर्तृ) र passive (कर्म) गरी २ प्रकारका voices छन् । Active voice बाट passive voice मा र passive voice बाट active voice मा बदल्दा निश्चित नियमहरूको पालन गर्नपर्छ ।

10.1 The Passive Voice (कर्म वाच्य) [From Active into Passive]

The Passive Structure: … be verb + V₃

Passive voice मा सामान्यतः ‘be’ verb पछि main verb को V₃ form आउँछ । तर कहिलेकाहीँ ‘be’ verb को स्थानमा ‘get’ verb पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

तलका sentences लाई अध्ययन गरौं ।

Examples:

(a) A: Hari makes a table. P: A table is made by Hari.
(b) A: Anna is writing a letter. P: A letter is being written by Anna.
(c) A: Somebody has beaten her. P: She has been beaten.
(d) A: Ram married Anita. P: Anita was married to Ram.
(e) A: She was helping them. P: They were being helped by her.
(f) A: He had beaten her. P: She had been beaten by him.
(g) A: I will help her. P: She will be helped by me.
(h) A: They will have discovered it. P: It will have been discovered by them.
(i) A: She is going to sell her cows. P: Her cows are going to be sold.
(j) A: John married Anna. P: Anna got married to John.

10.1.1 Active and Passive Structures

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Present Simple	1. … V₁/V₅ + obj	1. … is/am/are + V₃
2. Past Simple	2. … V₂ + obj	2. … was/were + V₃
3. Future Simple	3. … shall/will + infinitive + obj	3. … shall/will + be + V₃
4. Present Continuous	4. … is/am/are + V₄ + obj	4. … is/am/are + being + V₃
5. Past Continuous	5. … was/were + V₄ + obj	5. … was/were + being + V₃
6. Present Perfect	6. … have/has + V₃ + obj	6. … have/has + been + V₃
7. Past Perfect	7. … had + V₃ + obj	7. … had + been + V₃
8. Future Perfect	8. … shall/will + have + V₃	8. … shall/will + have + been + V₃
9. Going to Future	9. … is/am/are + going to + infinitive + obj	9. … is/am/are + going to + be + V₃

Examples:

(a) A: Celia writes to Bill. P: Bill is written to by Celia.
(b) A: Raju beat Radha. P: Radha was beaten by Raju.
(c) A: She will invite us. P: We will be invited by her.
(d) A: They are making a building. P: A building is being made by them.
(e) A: Cathy was helping Alvin. P: Alvin was being helped by Cathy.
(f) A: She has beaten him. P: He has been beaten by her.
(g) A: He had invited us. P: We had been invited by him.
(h) A: Medical scientists will have discovered the cure for AIDS. P: The cure for AIDS will have been discovered by medical scientists.
(i) A: He is going to sell his house. P: His house is going to be sold.

Note 1: Present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous र future perfect continuous को passive voice हुदैन ।
Note 2: माथिका examples लाई structure को तालिकाको क्रमअनुसार नै क्रमशः दिइएकाछन् । जस्तै example ‘a’ structure ‘1’ सँग सम्बन्धित छ । त्यसैगरी सबै examples ‘structures’ सँग सम्बन्धित छन् ।

10.1.2 Some More Structures

यहाँ modal auxiliary verbs प्रयोग भएका sentences को active passive structures लाई तालिकामा दिइन्छ ।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. … should + infi. + obj	1. … should + be + V₃
2. … can/could/would + infi. + obj	2. … can/could/would + be + V₃
3. … may/might + infi. + obj	3. … may/might + be + V₃
4. … to + infi. + obj	4. … to + be + V₃
5. … is/am/are to + infi. + obj	5. … is/am/are to + be + V₃
6. … must + infi. + obj	6. … must + be + V₃
7. … shall/will + infi. + obj	7. … shall/will + be + V₃

10.2 Some Fundamental Rules [From Active into Passive]

Active voice बाट passive voice बनाउँदा केही नियमहरूको पालन गर्नुपर्छ । केही आधारभूत नियमहरूलाई यहाँ बुँदागत रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ ।

सामान्यतः active voice को object लाई passive voice को subject बनाइन पालन गर्नुपर्छ ।
Active voice को subject लाई Passive voice को agent/doer को रूपमा main verb पछि राखिन्छ ।
सामान्यतः Agent को ठीक अघि by राखिन्छ तर कहिलेकाहीँ अन्य prepositions जस्तै, to, in, with इत्यादि पनि राख्नुपर्ने हुन्छ ।
Active voice मा auxiliary verbs भएमा passive voice मा पनि सोही अनुसारको auxiliary verbs राख्नुपर्छ । जस्तै, active voice मा ‘have’ भए passive voice मा have वा has कुनै एक उपयुक्त हुन्छ ।
Examples:
- (a) A: She has done it. P: It has been done by her.
- (b) A: She has phoned me. P: I have been phoned by her.
Note: यहाँ पहिलो example मा ‘has’ change भएको छैन तर दोस्रो example मा ‘has’ लाई ‘have’ मा बदलिएको छ । त्यसैगरी,
- (a) A: She is going to buy some new books. P: Some new books are going to be bought by her.
- (b) A: She was calling him. P: He was being called by her.
यहाँ example ‘a’ मा ‘is’ लाई ‘are’ मा बदलिएको छ तर example ‘b’ मा ‘was’ लाई बदलिएको छैन । (passive बनाउँदा)
Active voice को main verb को स्थान र रूपमा ‘be’ verb राखी main verb लाई सधैं V₃ बनाउनुपर्छ ।
Active voice का subject र object pronouns भए passive मा लैजाँदा case (कारक) बदल्नुपर्छ ।

माथिका सबै Rules लाई समेट्ने केही examples हेरौं ।

Examples:

(a) A: She always helps me. P: I am always helped by her.
(b) A: They are going to make a new building. P: A new building is going to be made by them.
(c) A: They have invited us to their party. P: We have been invited to their party.
(d) A: I have known him. P: He has been known to me.
(e) A: We should preserve the wild animals. P: The wild animals should be preserved.
(f) A: We had to meet her. P: She had to be met by us.
(g) A: We must respect our parents. P: Our parents must be respected.
(h) A: The farmers are destroying the jungle. P: The jungle is being destroyed by the farmers.
(i) A: He will marry Rita. P: Rita will be married to him.
(j) A: We can help him. P: He can be helped by us.

11. SENTENCE JOINING

दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी simple sentences लाई कुनै conjunction (योजक) ले जोडी compound वा complex sentence बनाउने प्रक्रियालाई sentence joining भनिन्छ । यस unit मा कसरी sentences लाई जोड्ने भनी छलफल गरिन्छ ।

11.1 Classification of Sentences

Sentence joining को प्रसंगमा sentences लाई सामान्यतः तीन समूहमा विभाजन गरिन्छ । ती हुन्ः simple, compound र complex.

11.1.1 Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)

सामान्यतः एक subject र एक predicate भएको sentence लाई simple sentence भनिन्छ । यस्तो sentence आफैं complete (पूर्ण) हुन्छ ।

Examples:

(a) Ram made a table.
(b) He goes to school.
(c) They are playing now.
(d) Rita wants to be a doctor.

यहाँ ‘Ram, He, They र Rita’ subjects हुन् भने ‘made a table, goes to school, are playing now, wants to be a doctor’ चाहिँ predicate हुन् ।

Note: तर subject एकभन्दा बढी पनि हुन सक्छन् ।

Example:

Ram, Gita and Hari are playing now.

11.1.2 Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य)

दुई वा दुईभन्दा बढी स्वतन्त्र (independent) clauses मिली बनेको sentence लाई compound sentence भनिन्छ । यस्तो अवस्थामा clauses (वाक्य-खण्डहरू) लाई जोड्ने co-ordinating conjunctions को प्रयोग गरिन्छ । Co-ordinating conjunctions निम्नप्रकार छन्ः

Co-ordinating Conjunctions:

“and, but, or, also, nor, either…or, neither…nor, for, so, yet, otherwise, as well as, nevertheless, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or therefore”

Examples:

(a) She went to market and bought some rice.
(b) I want to teach not only for salary but also for entertainment.
(c) Cows give us milk as well as butter.
(d) Both Ram and Hari are honest.
(e) They entered the room, looked around for a moment and then went out quietly.

11.1.3 Complex Sentence (मिश्र वाक्य)

एक independent (स्वतन्त्र) clause र एक वा एकभन्दा बढी dependent (आश्रित) clause हरू मिली बन्ने sentence लाई complex sentence भनिन्छ । यस्तो अवस्थामा sub-ordinating conjunctions जस्तै because, because of (कारणले), since, after, when, where, while, although (तापनि), in spite of (तापनि), despite (तापनि), unless, so that, इत्यादिको प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

12. REPORTED SPEECH

कुनै पनि वक्ताले भनेको कुरालाई दुई प्रकारले व्यक्त गर्न सकिन्छ: वक्ताकै शब्दमा जस्ताको तस्तै र हाम्रो शब्दमा। यसरी speech दुई प्रकारका हुन्छन्: direct र indirect।

Examples:

(a) Ram said, “I am reading now.”
(b) Ram said that he was reading then.

यहाँ sentence ‘a’ direct speech हो भने sentence ‘b’ indirect speech हो।

12.1 Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन)

वक्ताकै शब्दमा जस्ताको तस्तै उल्लेख गरिने भनाइ वा कथनलाई direct speech भनिन्छ।

Example:

Ram said to Hari, “I will help you.”

यहाँ,

“Ram said to Hari”: Reporting Verb Clause हो। जहाँ, Ram: Subject of the Reporting Verb. Said: Reporting Verb र Hari: Object of the Reporting Verb हुन्।
“I will help you”: Speech (भनाइ) हो। यसलाई Speech Clause पनि भनिन्छ।

Note: यसपछि Reporting Verb लाई Rep. Verb मात्र लेखिनेछ।

12.2 Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)

वक्ताले भनेको कुराको अर्थ मात्र आउने गरी व्यक्त गरिने कथनलाई indirect speech भनिन्छ।

Examples:

(a) Di: Ram said, “I’m reading now.”
Indi: Ram said that he was reading then.
(b) Di: She said to me, “Please give me your pen.”
Indi: She requested me to give her my pen.

यहाँ a र b दुवैका दोस्रो sentences चाहिँ indirect speech का उदाहरणहरू हुन्।

12.3 From Direct into Indirect

Direct speech र indirect speech का केही examples को अध्ययन गरौं।

(a) Di: Anna said to Bill, “I will help you tomorrow.”
Indi: Anna told Bill that she would help him next day.
(b) Di: Hari said to Bimal, “Would you mind helping me, please?”
Indi: Hari requested Bimal to help him.
(c) Di: Sita said to Hari, “Have you phoned my brother?”
Indi: Sita asked Hari if he had phoned her brother.
(d) Di: She asked me, “Where is the nearest post office?”
Indi: She asked me where the nearest post office was.
(e) Di: She said, “What a big tree it is!”
Indi: She exclaimed surprisingly that it was a very big tree.
(f) Di: He said to her, “May you be a doctor!”
Indi: He blessed her that she might be a doctor.

Direct speech बाट indirect speech बनाउँदा केही नियमहरूको पालन गर्नुपर्छ। कथन (speech) मा कुन प्रकारको sentence छ त्यसको आधारमा indirect बनाउनुपर्छ। Speech मा निम्नानुसारका sentences हुन सक्छन्।

Statements (Sub + verb + ……)
Imperative sentences (आज्ञार्थक वाक्यहरू)
Questions/Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नहरू)
- yes/no question
- wh-question
Exclamatory sentences (आश्चर्यबोधक वाक्यहरू)
Optative sentences (इच्छार्थक वाक्यहरू)

अब प्रत्येक प्रकारका sentences लाई कसरी indirect speech बनाउने भनी छुट्टाछुट्टै छलफल गरिन्छ।

12.3.1 Speech of Statements

यदि Direct speech ‘statement’ हो भने तलका नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ:

Some Basic Rules

Rep. Verb: say/tell/answer/reply इत्यादि राख्ने।
Connective: ‘that’ राख्ने।
SON Formula: Speech का pronouns लाई SON 123 को नियमानुसार बदल्ने।
यहाँ,
- S = Subject of the Rep. Verb
- O = Object of the Rep. Verb
- N = No change
- 1 = 1st person of the speech (Changes according to Subject)
- 2 = 2nd person of the speech (Changes according to Object)
- 3 = 3rd person of the speech (No change)

Tense Change: Speech को tense लाई निम्न प्रकार बदल्ने:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present simple	Past simple
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Present perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past simple	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect	नबदल्ने
Past perfect continuous	नबदल्ने
Shall/will/can/may	should/would/could/might

Other Changes: अन्य कुरालाई निम्नानुसार बदल्ने:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
now/just	then
today	that day
this day	that day
tomorrow	next day/the following day
yesterday	the day before/the previous day
last	previous
this	that
these	those
ago	before
here	there
next	following
thus	so
last week	the week before

Punctuation: सबै commas, inverted commas इत्यादिलाई हटाई full stop राख्ने।

Examples:

(a) Di: She said, “I’m reading now.”
Indi: She said that she was reading then.
(b) Di: Martin said to Anna, “I will meet you tomorrow.”
Indi: Martin told Anna that he would meet her the following day.
(c) Di: Ram said to Rita, “I have been working at this company.”
Indi: Ram told Rita that he had been working at that company.
(d) Di: She said to him, “My brother is playing with your sister.”
Indi: She told him that her brother was playing with his sister.

Note-1: Say to लाई tell, says to लाई tells मा र said to लाई told मा बदल्ने। (say to = tell, says to = tells, said to = told)

Note-2: तलका अवस्थामा speech को tense नबदल्ने।

(a) यदि speech universal truth (ध्रुवसत्य कुरा) भएमा।

Example:

Di: He said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indi: He said that the earth moves round the sun.
(b) यदि speech उखान (proverb) भएमा।

Example:

Di: The teacher said, “A bad man quarrels with his tools.”
Indi: The teacher said that a bad man quarrels with his tools.
(c) यदि speech कसैको present habit भएमा।

Example:

Di: He said, “She drinks heavily.”
Indi: He said that she drinks heavily.
(d) यदि Rep. verb past form मा नभई अन्य forms (present वा future) मा भएमा।
Examples:
- Di: He says, “I have done it.”
  Indi: He says that he has done it. (Rep. Verb present form मा भएकोले speech को tense बदलिएन)
- Di: She will say, “I can do it.”
  Indi: She will say that she can do it. (Rep. Verb future tense मा भएकोले speech को tense बदलिएन)

12.3.2 Speech of Imperative Sentences

आज्ञा, अनुरोध, सुझाव इत्यादि जनाउने sentences लाई imperative sentences भनिन्छ। यदि speech मा imperative sentence छ भने निम्नानुसारका नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ:

Some Basic Rules

Rep. Verb: Speech को अर्थको आधारमा Rep. verb राख्ने। जस्तै:
- Speech सामान्य भए → Rep. verb ‘tell/ask’ राख्ने।
- Speech अनुरोध भए → Rep. verb ‘request’ राख्ने।
- Speech आज्ञा भए → Rep. verb ‘command/order’ राख्ने।
- Speech सुझाव भए → Rep. verb ‘ask/tell’ राख्ने।
- Speech अर्ति भए → Rep. verb ‘advise’ राख्ने।
Connective: ‘to’ राख्ने। (Negative भए ‘not to’ राख्ने)
Pronouns change: Statement को नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Tense change: (Imperative मा tense change हुँदैन, infinitive बन्छ)
Other changes: Statement को नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Remove words: Speech बाट ‘would you, will you, please, would you mind’ जस्ता expressions लाई हटाउने।
Notes: Note-1, Note-2, Note-3, Note-4 (statement) को नियमहरू नै लागू गर्ने।
End: अन्त्यमा full stop दिने।

12.3.3 Speech of Questions

Speech मा yes/no questions वा wh-questions भएमा निम्नानुसारका नियमहरूको पालन गरी direct बाट indirect बनाउनुपर्छ:

Some Basic Rules

Rep. Verb: सामान्यतः Rep. Verb ‘ask/question/enquire/want to know’ etc. राख्ने।
Connective:
- Speech ‘yes/no question’ भए → ‘if’ वा ‘whether’ राख्ने।
- Speech ‘wh-question’ भए → Q.W. (Question Word) लाई नै राख्ने (जस्तै why, how, when इत्यादि)।
Pronouns change: Statement को नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Tense change: Statement को नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Other changes: Statement को नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Sentence Structure: Speech लाई statement form (s + v…) मा मिलाउने।
Notes: Note-1, Note-2, Note-3: Statement मा दििएकै नियमहरू लागू गर्ने।
End: अन्त्यमा full stop दिने।

12.3.4 Speech of Exclamatory Sentences

हर्ष (joy), आश्चर्य (surprise), त्रास (fear), इत्यादि जनाउने sentences लाई exclamatory sentences भनिन्छ। Direct speech मा exclamatory sentences भएमा तल दिइएका नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ।

Some Basic Rules

Rep. Verb: ‘exclaim’ राख्ने।
Adverbs/Phrases: Rep. Verb पछि speech को अर्थको आधारमा:
- आश्चर्य भए → surprisingly/with surprise
- हर्ष भए → joyfully/with joy/with delight
- दुःख भए → sorrowfully/with sorrow/with grief
- त्रास भए → fearfully/with fear/with fright
- पश्चाताप भए → regretfully/with regret राख्ने।
Connective: ‘that’ राख्ने।
Pronouns change: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Tense change: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Other changes: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Remove words: Alas! hurrah! जस्ता expressions लाई हटाउने।
Sentence Structure: Speech लाई statement को form मा मिलाउने।
Additions: आवश्यक शब्दहरू आफै थप्ने।
Notes: Note-1, Note-2, Note-3, Note-4 (Statement का नियमहरूलाई नै पालन गर्ने)।
Meaning: ‘Alas!’ ले दुःख, ‘hurrah/ha!’ ले आनन्द, ‘oh/what/how!’ ले आश्चर्य इत्यादि देखाउने भएकोले सोही आधारमा indirect बनाउने।
End: अन्त्यमा full stop राख्ने।

12.3.5 Optative Sentences (इच्छार्थक वाक्यहरू)

Some Basic Rules

Rep. Verb: Rep. Verb लाई speech को अर्थको आधारमा राख्ने:
- आशिर्वाद भए → bless
- श्राप भए → curse
- शुभकामना भए → wish
- प्रार्थना भए → pray
Connective: ‘that’ राख्ने (कहिलेकाहीँ ‘to’ पनि प्रयोग हुन सक्छ)।
Pronouns change: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Tense change: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Other changes: Statement मा दिइएका नियमहरूलाई नै लागू गर्ने।
Notes: Note-1, Note-2, Note-3, Note-4
Sentence Structure: Speech लाई statement को form मा मिलाउने।
End: अन्त्यमा full stop राख्ने।

13. SOME SIMPLE PHRASES

यहाँ केही अङ्ग्रेजी शब्दसमूह (phrases) लाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ:

1. according to (अनुसार): He has been teaching according to my suggestion.

2. all over (सर्वत्र): English is spoken all over the world.

3. apart from (अतिरिक्त): Ram bought nothing apart from his bag.

4. so far as (जहाँसम्म) (or as far as): So far as teaching method concerns, it is tolerable.

5. as soon as (तुरुन्तै): He entered the room as soon as I called him.

6. as a result (परिणामस्वरूप): As a result, they were killed.

7. as well as (यो पनि): Cows give us milk as well as butter.

8. at hand (नजिकै): Her achievement is at hand.

9. at last (अन्त्यमा): At last he was killed.

10. at random (लक्षहीन): He was moving at random.

11. at the eleventh hour (अन्त्यमा): He was at the eleventh hour in the hospital.

12. a lot of (प्रशस्त): She has a lot of books in her bag.

13. at any cost (कुनै पनि मूल्यमा): We have to solve it at any cost.

14. belong to (सम्बन्धित हुनु): Raju belongs to the girl whom you have met.

15. break into (घर फोर्नु): The robbers broke into his house.

16. bring up (पालनपोषण गर्नु/हुर्कनु): He was brought up in England.

17. burn out (निभ्नु): As the fire burnt out, he went to bed.

18. because of (कारणले): He passed the exam because of his talent.

19. by chance (संयोगवश): By chance, he met her on the way.

20. by hook or by crook (जसरी भए पनि): Complete it by hook or by crook.

21. by the way (प्रसङ्गमा): By the way, he had done it.

22. by means of (कारणले / मद्दतले): He expressed his views by means of gesture.

23. by mistake (भुलवश): He wrote her name in her book by mistake.

24. come a long way (प्रगति गर्नु): RNAC has come a long way since it was established.

25. call off (रद्द गर्नु): He called off his visit programme.

26. call up (याद गर्नु): Call up your friends’ names who are good.

27. carry off (जित्नु): They carried off the contest.

28. carry on (निरन्तरता दिनु): She carried on her research for three years.

29. call at (भेट्नु): I called at my friend there.

30. cut down (काट्न/घटाउनु): Cottage industry helps us to cut down imports.

31. catch up with (जित्न/उछिन्न): The car driver tried to catch up with the bus.

32. deal in (व्यापार गर्नु): My father deals in watches.

33. deal with (व्यवहार गर्नु): I don’t know how to deal with him.

34. depend on (भर पर्नु): He depends on his father’s income.

35. die of (रोगले मर्नु): She died of cancer ten years ago.

36. die out (लोप हुनु): Some endangered animals are dying out.

37. eat up (खाएर सक्नु): The cows have eaten up all the grass.

38. encounter with (जम्काभेट हुनु): Once I encountered with a lion.

39. for a while (केही समय): Please wait there for a while.

40. fall behind (पछि पर्नु): Nepal has fallen behind the rich countries.

41. for good (सधैंको लागि): She gave up her family and departed somewhere for good.

42. from A to Z (पुरै): He has completed all the problems from A to Z.

43. find out (पत्ता लगाउनु): They have found out the reality.

44. finish off (समाप्त पार्नु/मार्नु): The hunter finished off the tiger.

45. get through (पूरा गर्नु): Have you got through it?

46. get up (उठ्नु): She gets up early in the morning.

47. get off (प्रस्थान गर्नु/ओर्लनु): He got off the bus.

48. give off (उत्पादन गर्नु): Boiling water gives off steam.

49. give up (त्याग्नु): He has given up smoking.

50. fed up with (दिक्क हुनु): She was fed up with life.

51. in contact with (सम्पर्कमा हुनु): He was in contact with her.

52. in addition to (अतिरिक्त): He has brought a pen in addition to some books.

53. in a hurry (हतारमा): She completed in a great hurry.

54. in a nutshell (सङ्क्षिप्तमा): I have written this grammar book in a nutshell.

55. in accordance with (अनुसार): I will do it in accordance with your suggestion.

56. in front of (अगाडिपट्टि): She was standing in front of her father.

57. in spite of (तापनि): In spite of his carelessness, he passed all the exams.

58. in no time (छिट्टै): He has completed it in no time.

59. in stead of (सट्टामा): I will give you a pen instead of a pencil.

60. keep on (लागिरहनु): Please, don’t keep on your bad habits.

61. keep up with (भेट्नु): The progress can keep up with huge increase in demand.

62. kneel down (घुँडा टेक्नु): They have knelt down as the punishment.

63. knock down (पछार्नु): He has knocked down many tigers.

64. knock out (बाहिर निकाल्नु): They knocked the thief out.

65. laugh at (हाँसो उडाउनु): She doesn’t like being laughed at.

66. live on (खाएर बाँच्नु): Cows live on grass and plants.

67. look after (हेरचाह गर्नु): He was well looked after in 1990.

68. look for (खोजी गर्नु): I am looking for a good job.

69. look forward to (आशा गर्नु): I am looking forward to meeting you.

70. look through (जाँच्नु): He has looked through his book.

71. man of letters (विद्वान): He is a great man of letters.

72. no more (नरहेको): The leader is no more indeed.

73. on board (जहाजमा): There were 50 people on board.

74. on and off (कहिलेकाहीँ): He visits her on and off.

75. out of date (चलनचल्तीमा नभएको): This style of shirt is out of date.

76. pass away (मर्नु): Haven’t you known that he passed away last year?

77. pass on (सार्नु): Domestic animals pass on communicable diseases to the wild animals.

78. pick up (उठाउनु): She picked up a pen and kept it into her pocket.

79. propose to (विवाहको प्रस्ताव राख्नु): He wanted to propose to her.

80. put off (स्थगित गर्नु): He has put off his proposal.

81. rely on (भर पर्नु): Our economy has to rely on agriculture.

82. run away (भाग्नु): As the police arrived, the thief ran away.

83. run over (किच्नु): He was run over by a car.

84. run out of (प्रयोग गरिसक्नु): We ran out of rice that we collected.

85. set off (यात्रा सुरु गर्नु): They set off on their journey.

86. slide down (चिप्लनु): The bus started to slide down from there.

87. stone’s throw (धेरै छेउमा/नजिकै): He lived a stone’s throw from her house.

88. search for (खोजी गर्नु): He wanted to search for food.

89. stand up (उभिनु): He stood up and went out.

90. take off (जमिन छोड्नु): The plane took off and flew at a great speed.

91. to and fro (यताउता): He moved to and fro, and went to bed.

92. use up (प्रयोग गरी सक्नु): We have used up most of our raw materials.

93. wear on (छिप्पिनु): As the night wore on, they moved towards the house.

More Educational Resources

Class 10 English Notes (SEE) Class 11 English Notes Class 12 English Notes (NEB) Bachelor: Communication English

Reference:

https://importantedunotes.com/notes