SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES (ENCE 367)

1 Earthquakes and Seismic Ground Motion (6 hours)

1.1 Origin of earthquake

1.2 Seismic waves, earthquake ground motion, magnitude and intensity

1.3 Occurrence of earthquakes; loss and damages

1.4 Time history, frequency spectra, and response spectra of earthquake force

1.5 Effects of earthquake on building

2 Masonry Structures (8 hours)

2.1 History of masonry structures in ancient and modern times

2.2 Nature of masonry structures

2.3 Mechanical and physical properties of masonry; Masonry materials (Units, mortar, and walls)

2.4 Types of masonry structures (Load bearing masonry, confined masonry, and infill masonry); Types of walls

2.5 Lateral force resisting elements (Walls, piers, and arches)

2.6 Structural system of historical masonry structures; Review on design of masonry walls for static force

2.7 Emerging materials and technologies in masonry structures

3 Seismic Behavior of Masonry Structures (10 hours)

3.1 Basic concept of seismic effect in masonry structure; Failure mechanism

3.2 Historical buildings with seismic resisting features

3.3 Lateral force resisting systems

3.4 In‐plane and out‐of‐plane behavior of walls

3.5 Box-integrity-action of masonry structures

3.6 Modes of failure of masonry structures

3.7 Typical damages to masonry buildings in earthquakes

3.8 Seismic performance due to various factors (Geometrical and mass irregularities; Opening size and location; Eccentrically acted gravity load; eccentrically lateral force; Rigid and flexible floor diaphragm; Slender wall; horizontal and vertical bands; Material properties; Construction quality)

3.9 Seismic performance of masonry building during past earthquakes

4 Seismic Analysis and Design of Masonry Buildings (12 hours)

4.1 Principle of seismic design of masonry structures

4.2 Historical perspective on seismic design of masonry structures

4.3 Code provisions and calculation of seismic forces

4.4 Determination and distribution of lateral forces based on flexibility of diaphragms (IS 1893: 2016 or NBC 105: 2020)

4.5 Rigidity of shear wall considering opening effects

4.6 Direct and torsional shear force in shear walls

4.7 Increase in axial load in piers due to overturning

4.8 Wall subjected to out of plane bending

4.9 Stability check of flexural wall for out-of-plane forces

4.10 Additional forces due to arching action (Rigid and gapped arching)

5 Reinforced Masonry (5 hours)

5.1 Basic concept

5.2 Vertical and horizontal one-way flexural behavior

5.3 Two-way flexural behavior

5.4 Flexural and shear strength

5.5 Reinforced masonry column, beam, and bands

6 Repair and Strengthening Methods for Existing Masonry Buildings (4 hours)

6.1 Basic concept of repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting

6.2 Vulnerability assessment and methods

6.3 Retrofitting materials

6.4 Retrofitting techniques and various methods/approaches for masonry structures based on failure mechanism

6.5 Existing retrofitting practice of masonry structures in Nepal

6.6 Existing retrofitting practice in Nepal

1. Design of walls for gravity load

2. Calculation of center of mass, center of rigidity and eccentricity of lateral force

3. Calculation and distribution of lateral loads using IS 1893 and NBC 105

4. Distribution of seismic force on shear wall connected with rigid and flexible floor

5. Determination of rigidity of shear wall considering opening

6. Determination of direct shear force and torsional shear force

7. Determination of increase in axial load due to overturning

8. Determination of nominal allowable load carrying capacity of the wall subjected to out of plane bending

9. Stability check of flexural wall for out-of-plane forces

10. Determination of additional force due to arching action

11. Design of reinforced masonry walls (Flexure and shear capacity)

12. Design of reinforced concrete bands along with corner stiches

1. Survey and selection of a two storey masonry building

2. Preparation of asbuilt drawing

3. Calculation of loads: Dead, live and earthquake, calculate and analyze effects on building elements

4. Analysis and seismic resistant design and preparation of design report

1. Tomazevic, M. (1999). Earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings (Latest Edition). Imperial College Press.

2. Drysdale, R., Hamid, A. A. (2018). Masonry structures: Behavior and design. The Masonry Society.

3. Paulay, T., Priestley, M. J. N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings (Latest Edition). John Wiley & Sons.

4. Hendry, A. W., Sinha, B. P., Davies, S. R. (2017). Design of masonry structures. CRC Press.

5. Sahlin, S. (1971). Structural masonry (Latest Edition). Prentice-Hall.

6. Hendry, A. W. (1998). Structural masonry (Latest Edition). Macmillan.

7. Arya, A., Boen, T., Ishiyama, Y., Martemianov, A., Meli, R., Scawthorn, C., Vargas, J., Yaoxian, Y. (2010). Guidelines for earthquake resistant non‐engineered construction.