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Engineering Hydrology Chapter 2 Precipitation
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY (ENCE 306)
Chapter 2: Precipitation
8 Hours 8 Marks

Precipitation Notes

About this Chapter

This document contains the complete study material for Chapter 2: Precipitation. Precipitation is the primary source of water in the hydrologic cycle.

In this comprehensive chapter, students will study the causes, forms, and measurement of precipitation. The syllabus covers both Rainstorm Hydrology (preparation of rainfall data, missing data estimation, double mass curve, and IDF curves) and Snowstorm Hydrology (snowpack measurement, snowmelt runoff, and snow avalanches).

Syllabus: Precipitation

2. Precipitation
8 hours
8 Marks

2.1 Causes, forms and types of precipitation

2.2 Rainstorm hydrology

2.2.1 Rainfall Measurement: Types, network and adequacy of rain-gauges

2.2.2 Preparation of rainfall data: Estimation of missing rainfall data; Test for consistency of record by double mass curve

2.2.3 Presentation of rainfall data: Mass curve; Hyetograph; Point rainfall; Moving average annual rainfall graph

2.2.4 Cumulative distribution and probability density functions of rainfall

2.2.5 Mean rainfall over an area: Arithmetic mean, Thiessen and Isohyets

2.2.6 Depth duration (DD), depth area duration (DAD) and intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves

2.2.7 Frequency of rainfall; Goodness of fit test (Chi square test)

2.2.8 Probable maximum precipitation (PMP)

2.3 Snowstorm hydrology

2.3.1 Snow climatology, snow distribution and snowpack condition

2.3.2 Snowfall measurement: Snow depth, snow stakes and snow boards

2.3.3 Water equivalent of snow: Snow density; snow gauges and tubes

2.3.4 Remote sensing of snowpack; Ultrasonic snow depth sensor

2.3.5 Snow-melting runoff process; Snowmelt-runoff modeling

2.3.6 Changing snowpack and glaciers in a warming world

2.3.7 Snow avalanches

Micro Syllabus

2. Precipitation
8L · 6T · 2P · Week 2
Topic / Sub-topic Description Depth Code Hours
2.1 Causes, Forms, and Types of Precipitation Definition, causes, forms, and types of precipitation. D, E, I 0.5
2.2.1 Rainfall Measurement Types of rain gauges (Symons, Tipping, Weighing, Syphon). Network and adequacy of rain-gauges with numericals. D, E, I, NUM 0.5
2.2.2 Preparation of Rainfall Data Estimation of missing rainfall data; test for consistency of record by double mass curve. NUM, SK 1.5
2.2.3 Presentation of Rainfall Data Mass curve; hyetograph; point rainfall; moving average annual rainfall graph. D, E, I, SK 0.5
2.2.4 Cumulative Distribution and Probability Density Functions Cumulative distribution and probability density functions of rainfall. D, E, I, NUM 0.5
2.2.5 Mean Rainfall over an Area Arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygon, and Isohyets methods for averaging rainfall over an area. E, I, SK, NUM 1.5
2.2.6 DD, DAD, and IDF Curves Depth duration, depth area duration, and intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves and their application. D, E, I, SK, NUM 1.5
2.2.7 Frequency of Rainfall; Chi-square Test Frequency of rainfall; goodness of fit test using Chi-square method. E, I, SK, NUM 0.5
2.2.8 Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) Definition and importance of PMP; estimation process of PMP (concept only). D, E, I 0.5
2.3.1 Snow Climatology and Snowpack Definition of snow; snow climatology; snow distribution and snowpack condition over an area. D, E, I 0.5
2.3.2 Snowfall Measurement Measurement through snow gauge, snow stakes, and snow boards; snow surveys. E, I, SK 0.5
2.3.3 Water Equivalent of Snow Snow density; use of snow gauges and tubes. E, I, SK, NUM 0.5
2.3.4 Remote Sensing of Snowpack Ultrasonic snow depth sensor; use of satellite data for snowpack monitoring. VP, E, I 0.5
2.3.5 Snow-Melting Runoff Process Snowmelt-runoff modeling; SWAT; HEC-HMS applications. VP, E, I 0.5
2.3.6 Changing Snowpack and Glaciers Change in snowpack and glaciers due to climate change and its hydrological impact. E, I 0.5
2.3.7 Snow Avalanches Snow avalanches and their effects downstream on infrastructure and communities. VP, D, E, I 0.5
Evaluation: QA, Q, MT
Lecture Notes (By KN Dulal & Mithun Kuwar)

Credit: KN Dulal & Mithun Kuwar Sir
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Special thanks to KN Dulal and Mithun Kuwar Sir for providing these comprehensive lecture notes.

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