Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture Complete Guide (NEB New Syllabus) | Notes, Exercise Solutions & Summary | Language Development
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Welcome to your premier destination for the Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture academic syllabus. This complete online textbook companion offers fully resolved answers to all end-of-chapter questions and professional writing exercises.

Through this comprehensive resource on Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture, you will explore deeper meanings of cultural differences, the fascinating Japanese practice of sodaigomi, and practice English grammar regarding comparative adjectives and adverbs.

To acquire more sociological context on the waste management cultures described in this unit, you can explore the methods of waste management in Japan online.

Access our general index for additional chapters here: Class 12 English Notes.

Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture study notes

1. Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture: Working with Words

A. Complete the given sentences with the suitable words from the box.
a. The annual report has caused acute embarrassment to the government.
b. Ellen has worn high-heels. She is teetering.
c. Look! The poor horse is dragging a heavy load.
d. As they approached the outskirts of the city, Ella’s mood visibly lightened.
e. The parcel was wrapped in plain brown paper. It still looks attractive.
f. Fruits and vegetables grow in abundance in the Terai region.
g. They can abstract precious medicines from ordinary substances.

C. Add suitable suffix to the root words given and write the parts of speech of each newly formed word.
Root Word New Word with Suffix Part of Speech
NeighbourNeighbourhoodNoun (n.)
ComfortComfortableAdjective (adj.)
ShopShoppingNoun (n.) / Adj.
HuskHuskerNoun (n.)
SqueamishSqueamishlyAdverb (adv.)
ChangeChangingAdjective (adj.) / Noun
ShineShiningAdjective / Adverb (adv.)
ColloquialColloquiallyAdverb (adv.)
CollectCollectionNoun (n.)
EmbarrassEmbarrassmentNoun (n.)
PersuadePersuasiveAdjective (adj.)
TypeTypingAdjective (adj.) / Noun
DifferDifferenceNoun (n.)
ShipShippingAdjective (adj.) / Noun
TropicTropicalAdjective (adj.)
DriveDrivingAdjective (adj.) / Noun
ResideResidenceNoun (n.)
BrotherBrotherhoodNoun (n.)
FreshFreshnessNoun (n.)

D. Look for the following words related to waste management in an English dictionary. Make sentences of your own using them.
Sewage: Sewage often pollutes the ocean if not treated properly.
Sludge: A lot of toxic sludge was scooped out of the base of the polluted river.
Organic waste: Oxygen is required for the efficient decomposition of household organic wastes.
Inorganic waste: The inorganic waste is currently being safely processed in a new government-owned plant.
Methane: The sudden ignition of trapped methane gas tragically killed eight men in the coal mine.
Waste reduction: The local government should strictly focus on waste reduction for a pollution-free environment.
Monofilament: The endangered sea turtle was caught in a monofilament gill net in about 60 feet of water.
Market waste: Proper recycling and daily management of market waste should be everyone’s first municipal priority.
Incineration: The government is formally proposing to incinerate the infected cattle carcasses at 22 isolated sites.
Hazardous waste: Regular broken CFL bulbs are legally categorized as household hazardous waste and must be disposed of carefully.

2. Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture: Comprehension Solutions

Answer the following questions based on the text.
a. How does the author describe the Japanese waste management system?
The author describes the highly structured Japanese waste management system by stating that three nights a week, the local residents of his neighborhood deposit their household trash at specified designated areas on the street corners. The trash is wrapped carefully in neat bundles, almost like gifts, and it magically disappears at dawn.
b. What are the two reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi in Japanese culture?
The two primary reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi (bulky garbage) in Japanese culture are: firstly, the extremely small size of the typical Japanese house which lacks storage space, and secondly, the deep-rooted cultural Japanese desire for freshness and absolute purity in their living environment.
c. What, according to the author, do the Japanese feel at the thought of buying second hand items?
According to the author, the Japanese feel a profound sense of cultural embarrassment and shame at the very thought of buying or displaying second-hand items.
d. How is Malaysian culture different from Japanese culture concerning the used items?
In Malaysian culture, practically no one throws anything away as items are constantly reused and repurposed, whereas in Japanese culture, heaps of perfectly clean, new-looking merchandise are routinely thrown onto the street. Furthermore, several customers bid enthusiastically for even the smallest second-hand things in Malaysia, whereas shoppers seem to feel deep embarrassment at the thought of buying second-hand items in Japan.
e. Why did the author feel awkward at the sodaigomi pile?
The author felt incredibly awkward at the sodaigomi pile because, coming from a different cultural background, he could never fully believe that everything looking perfectly clean, whole, and completely serviceable is casually thrown out as garbage in Japanese culture.
f. How many articles did the author bring to his house one after another?
The author laid in as many provisions as he decently could manage. At first, he grabbed an ordinary low Japanese tea table. He then brought back a shiny new bell for his son’s bicycle, a small but highly attractive wooden cupboard, a complete set of wrenches and screwdrivers neatly arranged in a metal toolbox, a Naugahyde-covered barstool, and a beautiful lacquer serving tray.
g. Why do most people try to find things in the trash pile ‘in the dead of the night’?
Most people try to secretly find things in the trash pile ‘in the dead of the night’ because under the cover of darkness, everyone can politely pretend not to notice each other, ensuring they bring no public shame or embarrassment upon their kind or themselves.
h. How did the author’s family assimilate Japanese culture in using consumer goods?
The author’s family pragmatically assimilated into Japanese culture regarding consumer goods by operating quietly in the dead of night to successfully collect the essential household materials or goods that were generously thrown out in the local sodaigomi pile.

3. Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture: Critical Thinking Analysis

a. If you happen to be in Japan someday, will you collect articles from sodaigomi? Why or why not?

Yes, I would certainly have collected articles from the sodaigomi pile if I happen to live in Japan someday. I live in a developing country where people traditionally only buy new things after the old ones get completely damaged and are absolutely unable to function properly. Therefore, living in a Japanese culture and strictly following the wasteful aspect of the sodaigomi tradition is simply not of my kind.

It is financially and mentally painful to go from a world where one has to struggle to buy basic goods, to one in which we didn’t have any household goods, couldn’t bring ourselves to buy the massively overpriced new ones in the store—and then saw heaps of perfectly clean, new-looking merchandise just sitting abandoned on the street. By quietly picking up discarded but functional items from sodaigomi, I would save a tremendous amount of money and would still live a highly comfortable life. So, definitely, I will collect usable articles from sodaigomi instead of wasting money going for new ones.


b. There are some second hand shops in Nepal, too. But, people are not much interested in them. What practice would be suitable in managing second hand items in Nepal?

Some modern consumers love buying and selling second-hand items due to clear cost-effectiveness, as well as distinct ethical and environmental benefits. But unfortunately, many of the people in Nepal are not much interested in them due to social stigma or fears of poor quality. So to effectively encourage second-hand shopping in Nepal, the following strategic practices should be actively considered:

1. Brand Partnerships: Second-hand shops should partner transparently with the brands that sell well, and provide active assistance for consignors on what specific products and brands are best to consign with.
2. Realistic Pricing: A highly realistic and fair price should be kept by starting with the original value of the newly manufactured item, and then proportionally reducing it in strict accordance with wear, tear, and the extent of usage.
3. Value-Added Services: Providing additional logistical support, such as offering free consignment consultations with advice on pricing, professional photographing, and safe shipping of items can heavily encourage more people to buy and sell confidently in these shops.
4. Digital Outreach: Second-hand stores must cultivate vibrant social media followings and work aggressively toward getting their sustainable message out to as many younger, environmentally conscious people as possible to break the stigma.

4. Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture: Writing Tasks & Essays

A. Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) in garbage management.

3Rs – Reduce, Reuse & Recycle

The foundational principle of reducing waste, reusing functional materials, and recycling old resources and products is often universally called the “3Rs.” Basically, it is a highly effective sequence of steps on how to manage global and local waste properly. Reducing means consciously choosing to use things with extreme care to fundamentally reduce the raw amount of waste generated at the source. Reusing involves the repeated, creative use of items or specific parts of items which still retain highly usable aspects, such as using glass jars for storage. Recycling means the intensive industrial use of the waste itself as new raw resources to manufacture new products. The three R’s all work synergistically to cut down drastically on the massive amount of garbage we throw away daily. They actively conserve fragile natural resources, save limited landfill space, and preserve energy. Plus, the three R’s save valuable community land and public tax money that municipalities must otherwise use to dispose of toxic waste in sprawling landfills. Siting a new landfill has become increasingly difficult and far more expensive globally due to strict environmental regulations and fierce public opposition, making the 3Rs more vital than ever.


B. Garbage management is a big problem in most of the cities in Nepal. Write a letter to the editor to be published in the daily newspaper suggesting the ways of ‘Solving Garbage Problems.’

12/24 Amritnagar Tole,
Kalanki, Kathmandu
26th Jan, 2021


To the Editor,
The Kathmandu Post


Sub: Regarding the news coverage about ‘Solving Garbage Problems’.


Dear Sir,

I would be highly grateful if you allow a little space in your widely circulated and deeply popular newspaper. In order to urgently draw the attention of the general public as well as the concerning municipal authorities of the government to the mounting problem of garbage management in most of the cities in Nepal, I am writing this letter.

We all know that we have a seriously escalating garbage problem. It is abundantly clear that there will be absolutely no value derived from waste, either as renewable energy or reusable material, if it is not strictly segregated at the household level. But this is exactly where our current waste management system stops short. The widespread problem of waste is something that desperately needs to be handled on a smaller, localized scale and then aggregated logically to solve the bigger national problem.

Waste-pickers already contribute greatly to solving this problem informally. We urgently need to tap into their immense capacity. An IT platform like ‘I Got Garbage’ can build profitable, dignified business models for waste-pickers. Instead of blindly picking and dumping mixed garbage from each house into a truck, the government can easily provide a small subsidy and give every home an organic composter. Sprawling landfill sites can never be a sustainable solution to solid waste in rapidly growing cities as it is a deeply outdated idea.

Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle are the most common, proven methods to drastically reduce landfill waste. Approximately 80 percent of the organic waste littering our streets can be safely and profitably used if the government actively cooperates with local pig and poultry farmers in the respective cities. I deeply wonder why the authorities are not swiftly adopting this proven method. As long as our governments try cleaning the city by doing the exact same failing things they always did and simply say they will “do it better this time”, the city won’t ever become cleaner. We desperately need something dramatically different and community-driven.

I sincerely hope the concerning authorities will read this and take appropriate, progressive steps immediately.

Looking forward to seeing a robust article in this regard in your upcoming publication.


Faithfully yours,

Subarna P.

5. Class 12 English Unit 8 Human Culture: Grammar (Comparisons)

B. Use the words from the brackets to complete the sentences.
a. This house is very small. I want to buy a much bigger one. (much / big)
b. I liked the magic show. It was far more exciting than I’d expected. (far / exciting)
c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s a bit warmer today. (a bit / warm)
d. The warmer the weather the better I feel. (good)
e. An average American earns considerably higher than an average Nepali. (considerably / high)
f. Health care in Nepal is not as expensive as it is in the US. (expensive)
g. I think the problem is far more complicated than it seems. (far / complicated)
h. You are driving very fast. Would you please drive a bit more slowly? (a bit/ slowly)
i. Your handwriting is not legible. Can you write a bit more neatly? (a bit/ neat)

C. Rewrite the following sentences with the sentence beginnings given below.
a. Kabir is less intelligent than he pretends.
He is not as intelligent as he pretends.
b. I am busy today but I was busier yesterday.
I’m not as busy as I was yesterday.
c. Hari has lived in Kathmandu for 10 years but Bikram for 20 years.
Bikram has lived in Kathmandu 10 years more than Hari.
d. I used to study 12 hours a day but nowadays I study only 5 hours a day.
I don’t study as much as I used to do.
e. It’s a very good room in our hotel. In fact, it’s the best compared to others.
In fact, it’s the best room in our hotel.
f. He earns 30 thousand rupees a month but spends 40 thousand.
He spends more than he earns.
g. There is no other mountain higher than Mt. Everest in the world.
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
h. The place was nearer than I thought.
It was not as far as I thought.
i. Bharat can play better than Mohan.
Mohan can’t play as well as Bharat.

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