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Plant Respiration Notes: 15 Solved Questions & Easy Guide | NEB Class 12 Biology
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Class 12 Bio

1. Plant Respiration Syllabus

Unit 2: Plant Physiology (this page: chapter 2.3 Respiration)

2. Plant Physiology
2.1 Water relation: Introduction and significance of diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration and guttation.
2.2 Photosynthesis: Introduction and significance, photosynthetic pigments, mechanism (photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle), C₃ and C₄ plants, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.
2.3 Respiration: Introduction and significance, types, mechanism (glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport system), factors affecting respiration.
2.4 Plant hormones: Introduction, physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.
2.5 Plant growth and movement: Concept on seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant movements (tropic and nastic).

These plant respiration notes follow the NEB Class 12 Biology syllabus (+2 Biology, Nepal), chapter 2.3 of Unit 2 Plant Physiology. Practise the multiple choice questions first, then work through the solved short and long answer questions with the EMP pathway and Kreb’s cycle figures, and finish with the PDF notes for quick revision.

Micro syllabus: 2. Plant Physiology

Describe diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, ascent of sap, transpiration, and guttation.
Define photosynthesis and explain its mechanism, pigments, C₃ and C₄ pathways, and influencing factors.
Explain respiration, its types, mechanism, and influencing factors.
Define phytohormones and describe the physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins.
Describe seed germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence, and plant movements.

Read more about cellular respiration, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle on Wikipedia. More notes: Class 12 Biology notes, Class 12 Chemistry notes and Class 12 Physics notes.

2. Plant Respiration Notes: Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which organelle is known as the power-house of the cell?

  • a) Nucleus
  • b) Chloroplast
  • c) Mitochondrion
  • d) Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct Answer: c) Mitochondrion

Reason: Mitochondria carry out Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain, where most of the ATP of the cell is made.

Question 2. What does aerobic respiration involve?

  • a) Reduction of CO₂
  • b) Photolysis of water
  • c) Partial oxidation of organic food
  • d) Complete oxidation of organic food

Correct Answer: d) Complete oxidation of organic food

Reason: In aerobic respiration the food (glucose) is oxidised completely to CO₂ and H₂O with oxygen, releasing 38 ATP. Partial oxidation happens in anaerobic respiration.

Question 3. What is the site of anaerobic respiration?

  • a) Cytoplasm
  • b) Mitochondrion
  • c) Cytoplasm and mitochondrion
  • d) Chloroplast and mitochondrion

Correct Answer: a) Cytoplasm

Reason: Both steps of anaerobic respiration, glycolysis and fermentation, take place in the cytoplasm only.

Question 4. What is the end product of glycolysis?

  • a) Glucose
  • b) Citric acid
  • c) Pyruvic acid
  • d) Acetic acid

Correct Answer: c) Pyruvic acid

Reason: One glucose (6C) is broken into two pyruvic acids (3C) in glycolysis. Citric acid is the first product of Kreb’s cycle.

Question 5. What is the net gain of ATP molecules through glycolysis?

  • a) 2
  • b) 4
  • c) 6
  • d) 8

Correct Answer: a) 2

Reason: Glycolysis makes 4 ATP but uses 2 ATP (steps 1 and 3), so the net gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH₂ per glucose.

Question 6. What is glycolysis also called?

  • a) Hill reaction
  • b) EMP pathway
  • c) Citric acid cycle
  • d) CAM pathway

Correct Answer: b) EMP pathway

Reason: It was worked out by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas, so it is called the EMP pathway. Hill reaction belongs to photosynthesis.

Question 7. What does the link reaction connect in aerobic respiration?

  • a) Glycolysis with electron transport chain
  • b) Glycolysis with Kreb’s cycle
  • c) Kreb’s cycle with electron transport chain
  • d) Glycolysis with oxidative phosphorylation

Correct Answer: b) Glycolysis with Kreb’s cycle

Reason: In the link reaction pyruvic acid is changed to acetyl-CoA, which enters Kreb’s cycle.

Question 8. What is the maximum number of ATPs generated from one glucose molecule through aerobic respiration?

  • a) 34
  • b) 36
  • c) 38
  • d) 40

Correct Answer: c) 38

Reason: Glycolysis 8 + link reaction 6 + Kreb’s cycle 24 = 38 ATP per glucose.

Question 9. What is the first stable product of Kreb’s cycle?

  • a) Malic acid
  • b) Citric acid
  • c) Succinic acid
  • d) Oxaloacetic acid

Correct Answer: b) Citric acid

Reason: Acetyl-CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid (6C), so the cycle is also called the citric acid cycle.

Question 10. How many ATPs are produced when one molecule of NADH₂ passes through the electron transport chain?

  • a) 2
  • b) 3
  • c) 4
  • d) 5

Correct Answer: b) 3

Reason: One NADH₂ gives 3 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, and one FADH₂ gives 2 ATP.

Question 11. Which of the following steps is common in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  • a) Kreb’s cycle
  • b) Fermentation
  • c) Glycolysis
  • d) Electron transport chain

Correct Answer: c) Glycolysis

Reason: Glycolysis needs no oxygen, so it is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Question 12. Which part of the mitochondrion generates ATP?

  • a) Matrix
  • b) Cristae
  • c) Oxysome
  • d) Thylakoid

Correct Answer: c) Oxysome

Reason: Oxysomes (F₀-F₁ particles, ATP synthase) on the inner membrane make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Thylakoid belongs to the chloroplast.

Question 13. Which fermentation does not evolve CO₂?

  • a) Alcoholic fermentation
  • b) Lactic acid fermentation
  • c) Acetic acid fermentation
  • d) All of the above

Correct Answer: b) Lactic acid fermentation

Reason: Pyruvic acid is directly reduced to lactic acid without decarboxylation, so no CO₂ is released.

Question 14. Which of the following is involved in anaerobic respiration?

  • a) Algae
  • b) Yeast
  • c) Bryophytes
  • d) Gymnosperms

Correct Answer: b) Yeast

Reason: Yeast carries out alcoholic fermentation without oxygen. Algae, bryophytes and gymnosperms respire mainly aerobically.

Question 15. What is the site for Kreb’s cycle reaction?

  • a) Matrix
  • b) Stroma
  • c) Cytoplasm
  • d) Nucleoplasm

Correct Answer: a) Matrix

Reason: The enzymes of Kreb’s cycle are in the mitochondrial matrix. Stroma is the part of the chloroplast.

3. Plant Respiration Notes: Short and Long Answer Questions

Plant Respiration Notes: Short Answer Questions

Q.1 Define cellular respiration. Write its significance.

Cellular respiration is the breakdown of food materials (mainly glucose) within the cell to release energy, which is trapped as ATP. The C-C bonds of the complex compounds are broken by oxidation in a series of slow, enzyme-controlled steps, so it is a catabolic process. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. This is the basis of the plant respiration notes of the chapter.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (38 ATP)

Significance of respiration

It gives the energy for the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
It is the source of energy for cell division, growth, repair and replacement of worn-out parts, and movement.
The intermediates of Kreb’s cycle are the building blocks for the synthesis of other complex compounds.
Together with photosynthesis, it keeps the balance of CO₂ and O₂ in the atmosphere.
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) is used in dairies, bakeries, distilleries, leather and paper industries and pharmaceuticals.
Q.2 Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen in all living cells of higher plantsOccurs in the absence of oxygen in bacteria, certain fungi, germinating seeds and fleshy fruits
Oxygen is requiredOxygen is not required
Food is completely oxidised to CO₂, H₂O and energyFood is partly oxidised; end products are alcohol or acid and CO₂
38 ATP are released from one glucose2 ATP are released from one glucose
Takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondriaAll reactions take place in the cytoplasm
Steps: glycolysis, link reaction, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chainSteps: glycolysis and fermentation
About 686 kcal is released per mole of glucoseAbout 32 to 50 kcal is released per mole of glucose
Q.3 Define glycolysis. Why is it significant in respiration?

Glycolysis is the first step of respiration in which one molecule of glucose (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C) in the cytoplasm. It was studied by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas, so it is also called the EMP pathway. It has 10 enzyme-controlled steps, needs no oxygen and gives no CO₂.

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvic acid + 2NADH₂ + 2ATP

Significance of glycolysis

It is the common first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Each glucose gives a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH₂. In aerobic respiration the NADH₂ gives more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
It makes pyruvic acid, which goes to Kreb’s cycle if oxygen is present, or to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
It is the only energy source in organisms and cells that do not use oxygen.
Class 12 Biology Unit 2 Plant respiration notes - EMP pathway of glycolysis

Figure: Plant respiration notes: EMP pathway (glycolysis) from glucose to pyruvic acid

Q.4 Define fermentation and describe its types in brief.

Fermentation is the anaerobic step in which pyruvic acid is reduced to ethanol, lactic acid or other products. In this step NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH₂ and is used again in glycolysis. It is of three types.

Alcoholic fermentation: Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde (enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase), and acetaldehyde is reduced to ethyl alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase). CO₂ is released. It is done by yeast and some bacteria and is used to make wine, beer and biofuel.
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + 2 ATP
Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. CO₂ is not evolved. Lactobacillus makes curd from milk by it, and muscles produce lactic acid in heavy exercise.
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ (lactic acid) + 2 ATP
Acetic acid fermentation: Vinegar is made in two steps. Yeast first forms ethyl alcohol from sugar anaerobically, and then Acetobacter oxidises the alcohol to acetic acid, which is an aerobic step.
Q.5 Enlist the external factors affecting respiration and describe any two of them.

External factors: temperature, oxygen, water, light and carbon dioxide.

Description of two factors

Temperature: It is the most important factor. The rate of respiration increases from 5 °C to 30 °C, and it doubles for every 10 °C rise (Van’t Hoff’s rule). Above 35 °C the enzymes begin to denature and the rate falls. At very low temperature the enzymes become inactive, so fruits and vegetables kept in cold storage do not spoil quickly.
Oxygen: Oxygen is the terminal acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration. At low oxygen both aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur, and when oxygen is zero only anaerobic respiration takes place.

Plant Respiration Notes: Long Answer Questions

Q.1 Explain EMP pathway of respiration with necessary diagram.
Class 12 Biology Unit 2 Plant respiration notes - EMP pathway of glycolysis

Figure: Plant respiration notes: EMP pathway (glycolysis) from glucose to pyruvic acid

The EMP pathway (glycolysis) takes place in the cytoplasm and needs no oxygen. It has 10 reversible, enzyme-dependent steps and breaks one glucose into two pyruvic acids. It is the first stage of plant respiration.

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvic acid + 2NADH₂ + 2ATP
StepReactionEnzyme
1Glucose + ATP → glucose 6-phosphateHexokinase
2Glucose 6-phosphate → fructose 6-phosphatePhosphohexoisomerase
3Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP → fructose 1,6-bisphosphatePhosphofructokinase
4Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphateAldolase
5Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateTriose phosphate isomerase
62 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + 2Pi + 2NAD → 2 (1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) + 2NADH₂Triose phosphate dehydrogenase
72 (1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) → 2 (3-phosphoglyceric acid) + 2ATPPhosphoglycerokinase
83-Phosphoglyceric acid → 2-phosphoglyceric acidPhosphoglyceromutase
92-Phosphoglyceric acid → phosphoenolpyruvic acid + H₂OEnolase
102 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid → 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATPPyruvate kinase

Summary: 2 ATP are used in steps 1 and 3 and 4 ATP are made in steps 7 and 10, so the net gain is 2 ATP. Two NADH₂ are formed in step 6. Steps 5 to 10 happen twice for each glucose, because two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are formed.

Q.2 What is link reaction? Explain Kreb’s cycle in detail with figure.
Class 12 Biology Unit 2 Plant respiration notes - Kreb's cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

Figure: Plant respiration notes: Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)

Link reaction. The short reaction that connects glycolysis with Kreb’s cycle is the link reaction. Pyruvic acid goes into the mitochondrial matrix and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation (enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase) to form acetyl-CoA. CO₂ and NADH₂ are the other products of each pyruvic acid.

2 Pyruvic acid + 2CoA + 2NAD → 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2CO₂ + 2NADH₂

Kreb’s cycle. It is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, named after H. A. Krebs. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, where all the necessary enzymes are present. The steps are:

StepReactionEnzyme
1Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetic acid + H₂O → citric acid + CoACitrate synthetase (condensing enzyme)
2Citric acid → cis-aconitic acid + H₂OAconitase
3Cis-aconitic acid + H₂O → isocitric acidAconitase
4Isocitric acid + NAD → oxalosuccinic acid + NADH₂Isocitrate dehydrogenase
5Oxalosuccinic acid → α-ketoglutaric acid + CO₂Oxalosuccinate decarboxylase
6α-Ketoglutaric acid + CoA + NAD → succinyl-CoA + CO₂ + NADH₂α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
7Succinyl-CoA + H₂O + GDP + Pi → succinic acid + GTP + CoA (GTP + ADP → ATP + GDP)Succinyl thiokinase
8Succinic acid + FAD → fumaric acid + FADH₂Succinic dehydrogenase
9Fumaric acid + H₂O → malic acidFumarase
10Malic acid + NAD → oxaloacetic acid + NADH₂Malate dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated, so the cycle continues. For one glucose (two acetyl-CoA, so two turns of the cycle) the net yield is:

ProductPer turnPer glucose
CO₂24
NADH₂36
FADH₂12
ATP (through GTP)12

Electron transport chain (terminal oxidation). The NADH₂ and FADH₂ pass their electrons through four complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane to coenzyme Q, cytochrome c and finally molecular oxygen, which forms water. H⁺ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space and come back through the oxysomes (ATP synthase), making ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

StageATP made
Glycolysis (2 ATP + 2NADH₂ × 3)8
Link reaction (2NADH₂ × 3)6
Kreb’s cycle (2 ATP + 6NADH₂ × 3 + 2FADH₂ × 2)24
Total38 ATP
Q.3 Describe the process of anaerobic respiration and its significance.

Anaerobic respiration is the partial oxidation of food to release energy without molecular oxygen. It takes place only in the cytoplasm in bacteria, certain fungi (yeast), germinating seeds and fleshy fruits. It has two steps.

A. Glycolysis: one glucose gives 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH₂, as in aerobic respiration.
B. Fermentation: since there is no oxygen, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid, ethanol or other products. NAD⁺ is formed from NADH₂ and is used again in glycolysis.
TypeOrganismReactionCO₂
AlcoholicYeast and some bacteriaC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + 2 ATPReleased
Lactic acidLactobacillus, muscle cellsC₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + 2 ATPNot released
Acetic acidYeast then AcetobacterC₂H₅OH + O₂ → CH₃COOH + H₂O–

Significance

It gives energy when oxygen is short, for example in roots in waterlogged soil, in germinating seeds and in muscles during heavy exercise.
It is the basis of industries: wine, beer and biofuel (alcoholic fermentation), curd and cheese in dairies (lactic acid fermentation), vinegar (acetic acid fermentation) and bakeries (bread rises by the CO₂ of yeast).
The lactic acid made in muscle goes to the liver through blood and is changed back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration.
Only 2 ATP are made per glucose, so it is a less efficient process than aerobic respiration (38 ATP).
Class 12 Biology Unit 2 Plant respiration notes - EMP pathway of glycolysis

Figure: Plant respiration notes: EMP pathway (glycolysis) from glucose to pyruvic acid

Q.4 Discuss various factors affecting respiration.

The rate of plant respiration depends on external and internal factors.

A. External factors

1. Temperature: It is the most important factor. From 5 °C to 30 °C the rate increases, and a rise of 10 °C doubles the rate (Van’t Hoff’s rule). Above 35 °C the enzymes denature and the rate decreases. Very low temperature makes the enzymes inactive, so fruits and vegetables in cold storage escape spoilage.
2. Oxygen: Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, so it is necessary for aerobic respiration. At low oxygen both aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur, and at zero oxygen only anaerobic respiration takes place.
3. Water: Water is the medium of all metabolic activities, and protoplasm contains 90 to 95 % water. Water helps in enzyme activation, gaseous diffusion and transport. Dry seeds and fruits respire very slowly and can be stored for long. When water is present, stored carbohydrates change to soluble sugar and the rate increases.
4. Light: Light does not affect respiration directly, and it goes on in light and in darkness. Indirectly, light raises the temperature, makes sugar by photosynthesis (the respiratory substrate) and opens the stomata for gas exchange.
5. Carbon dioxide: A high concentration of CO₂ inhibits respiration. It closes the stomata, and oxygen becomes short, so seed germination and growth are affected (shown by Heath).

B. Internal factors

1. Protoplasm: Meristematic cells have dense, active cytoplasm, so their rate of respiration is higher than that of mature cells. Hydration, pH and temperature affect protoplasm.
2. Respiratory substrate: Soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose) are used quickly. Starch and fats must first be changed into a soluble form. This is why a patient is given glucose directly, while a healthy person takes starch and fats in the diet.
3. Age of cells: Young cells respire much faster than mature and old cells.
4. Wound and injured part: The rate increases sharply in an injured part to help healing.

4. Plant Respiration Notes PDF

PDF Notes 1: Plant Physiology (Unit 2)

PDF Notes 2: Plant Respiration (Chapter 2.3)

5. Plant Respiration: Frequently Asked Questions

What is plant respiration? (Plant respiration notes)
Plant respiration is the breakdown of food, mainly glucose, within the cells of a plant to release energy that is trapped as ATP. It is a catabolic process that takes place in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria, and it goes on day and night in all living cells.
What is the plant respiration equation?
The equation of aerobic respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 gives 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (38 ATP). For anaerobic respiration in yeast the equation is C6H12O6 gives 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP, and in lactic acid fermentation C6H12O6 gives 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP.
What is the plant respiration process? (Plant respiration process)
Aerobic respiration has four stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction, Kreb’s cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane. One glucose gives 38 ATP. Without oxygen, glycolysis is followed by fermentation in the cytoplasm and gives 2 ATP.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen, oxidises glucose completely to CO2 and water, gives 38 ATP and takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration needs no oxygen, oxidises glucose partly to alcohol or acid and CO2, gives 2 ATP and takes place only in the cytoplasm.
What is glycolysis or the EMP pathway?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of one glucose into two pyruvic acids in the cytoplasm through 10 steps. It is called the EMP pathway after Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. It gives a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH2 and needs no oxygen.
What is the link reaction?
The link reaction connects glycolysis with Kreb’s cycle. Pyruvic acid is oxidatively decarboxylated in the mitochondrial matrix to acetyl-CoA, CO2 and NADH2, with the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase.
What is Kreb’s cycle? Where does it take place?
Kreb’s cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is the series of reactions in which acetyl-CoA is completely oxidised. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. For one glucose it gives 2 ATP, 6 NADH2, 2 FADH2 and 4 CO2, and its first product is citric acid.
What is the electron transport chain? (Plant respiration diagram)
The electron transport chain is the last step of aerobic respiration on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 pass through four complexes, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c to oxygen, which forms water, and the H+ gradient drives ATP synthesis in the oxysomes. One NADH2 gives 3 ATP and one FADH2 gives 2 ATP.
How many ATP are produced from one glucose in aerobic respiration?
A total of 38 ATP: 8 from glycolysis, 6 from the link reaction and 24 from Kreb’s cycle with the electron transport chain.
What are the types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation by yeast gives ethanol and CO2. Lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus and muscle cells gives lactic acid and no CO2. Acetic acid fermentation gives vinegar, where Acetobacter oxidises alcohol to acetic acid.
What are the factors affecting respiration?
External factors are temperature, oxygen, water, light and carbon dioxide. Internal factors are the protoplasm, the respiratory substrate, the age of the cells and wounds. The rate roughly doubles for every 10 degree Celsius rise between 5 and 30 degree Celsius and falls above 35 degree Celsius.
Does respiration take place in plants at night? (Plant respiration at night)
Yes. Plants respire day and night in all living cells, because respiration needs no light. During the day, photosynthesis uses the CO2 released by respiration, but at night there is no photosynthesis, so plants take in oxygen and release CO2.
What is the significance of respiration in plants?
It gives ATP for biosynthesis, growth, cell division, repair and movement. Its intermediates are used to make other compounds, it balances CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere with photosynthesis, and fermentation is used in dairies, bakeries and distilleries.
Where can I get plant physiology class 12 pdf, plant physiology class 12 notes and plant physiology class 12 notes pdf download?
This page has two PDF notes that you can read online in the PDF section: the PDF notes of Unit 2 Plant Physiology and the PDF notes of the chapter Plant Respiration. They work as plant physiology class 12 notes PDF for revision. The solved questions of this chapter are given above.
Where can I get plant respiration pdf and plant respiration notes?
The plant respiration pdf of the chapter is in the PDF section of this page, where you can read it online. The plant respiration notes of the NEB syllabus are given in the solved exercise: definition, types, glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation and factors affecting respiration.
Where can I get respiration in plants Class 11 and Class 10 notes?
Respiration in plants is also met in Class 10 and Class 11 science and biology at a simple level. The notes on this page follow the NEB Class 12 Biology syllabus (Unit 2, chapter 2.3), which gives the full mechanism of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain.
Where can I get Class 12 Biology Book PDF Nepal and Class 12 Biology Book PDF Asmita Publication?
The Class 12 Biology book of Asmita Publication is a textbook of its publisher, and this page does not claim to host it. These notes follow the NEB Class 12 Biology syllabus of Unit 2 Plant Physiology and the textbook exercise, so you can use them with the book.
Where can I get Class 12 biology notes, Class 12 biology pdf and Class 12 Biology Notes NEB for this chapter?
This page gives the Class 12 biology notes NEB of the chapter Plant Respiration (chapter 3 of Unit 2): syllabus, micro syllabus, solved multiple choice questions, short and long answers with the EMP pathway and Kreb’s cycle figures, and two PDF notes.
Where can I get Class 12 Biology notes in the style of Note Mandir?
Students who look for notes in the style of Note Mandir will find this chapter in the same way: syllabus, micro syllabus, solved exercise with diagrams and PDF notes. These are NEB Class 12 Biology notes written for exam practice.

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