Specification in Estimating and Costing
Syllabus: Specification (6 Hours)
8. Specification (6 hours)
8.1 Purpose of specifications
8.2 Types of specifications
8.3 Importance of specifications
8.4 Methods of writing specifications
8.5 Detail specifications (Site works; Structural works; Finishing works)
Book & Campus Reference
Credit: Er. Pradeep Bhatta
Specification Notes
What is a Specification?
A specification is a specific description of a particular subject. An engineering specification contains detailed description of all workmanship and materials which are required to complete an engineering project in accordance with its drawings and details. It is very important for the execution of the work. The cost of the work depends upon the specifications. Specification should be clear and there should not be any ambiguity anywhere about the drawings of a structure arrangement of the room, various parts and the dimensions. Drawings do not furnish the details of different items of work, quantity of materials, proportion of mortar and workmanship, which are described in specification.
Specification is a specific description of a particular subject. Specification can be defined as the written instructions limiting and describing in detail construction works to be undertaken. It is a clear statement giving clear and concise description of the materials, labor to be employed in execution of any projects.
Many a times, it is not possible to furnish the information on the drawings, regarding the quality of materials to be used and the quality of workmanship to be achieved during construction, due to shortage of space. This data relating the materials and workmanship is conveyed in a separate contract document which is known as the “specification”.
Basic Functions of Specifications
Specifications have two basic functions which are as follows:
- Communicate — When prepared by the purchaser, specifications inform the supplier what is required. When prepared by the supplier, they provide a prospective purchaser with a description of the attributes of a product.
- Compare — Specifications also provide criteria against which the products and services supplied or available can be compared.
8.1 Purposes of Specifications
The following are the main purposes of specifications:
- To specify the nature of work
- To estimate the quantity and cost
- To clarify any ambiguity
- To identify the quality of materials
- To identify the material proportion
- To identify the types of workmanship used
- Guiding Accurate Estimating and Bidding
- Setting Quality Control and Performance Standards
- Serving as a Legally Binding Contract Document
- Defining Project Execution and Workmanship
- Clearly Allocating Risk and Responsibility
8.2 Types of Specifications
The specifications are broadly divided into two types which are as follows:
General Specifications
General specifications give the idea and class of work in general terms and are generally attached with the rough cost and detailed estimates. In general specifications, nature and class of works, names of materials and proportion that should be used in the various items of works are described. Only a brief description of each and every item is given. It is useful for estimating the project. Without going through the lengthy detailed specifications, general information for the quantities of the materials, nature and class of work can be known from the general specifications, but they do not form part of the contract document.
Detailed Specifications
This is detailed written descriptions of every item in the schedule of quantities, which specifies the materials to be used, its quality, workmanship and the results to be achieved. Usually, specification of the items is written in the same sequence as they are mentioned in the BOQ (bill of quantity). It is a part of contract document regarding quality of materials, workmanship and equipment’s. The detailed specifications of the different items or works are prepared separately and they describe what the works should be and how they shall be executed and constructed. Physical, chemical and electrical tests if any requires for the finished work to ensure the desired strength or quality are specified in the detailed specification.
8.3 Importance of Specifications
Specification is a part of contract document which gives detailed information regarding the quality of materials, workmanship, etc. It gives clear and concise description of materials, labor to be employed, and method precautions etc., required for the completion of the project.
The following are the importances of specifications:
- To verify and check the quantity and strength of materials for a work involved in the project.
- Tender without specification of work is baseless, incomplete and invalid.
- The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its specification.
- Specification of a work is required for a construction work and is one of the essential contract documents.
- It also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work.
- It serves as a guide to both the supervising staff and owner.
- Any changed in specification changes the tendered rate. So, specification work is carried out and the contractor is paid for the same.
- To specify the equipment to be engaged for a work and thus enables it to procure on hire them beforehand.
- To procure the materials confirming the specification avoiding dispute with the contractor.
- It is an essential contract document and is required for court-case.
- The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its specification.
- To verify and check the strength of materials for a work involved in a project.
- Tender/contract document and agreement without specification is incomplete, baseless and invalid.
- To specify the equipment, tools and plants to be employed for a works and thus enables to procure or hire.
- To procure the materials required for a project and to check the quality of materials.
- It serves as evidence in case of dispute.
- It serves as a guide for the site engineers.
- The change in specification changes the contract cost.
8.4 Methods of Writing Specifications
The various factors which should be considered while writing/drafting detailed specifications are as follows:
Specification Language
- Simple and clean language should be used.
- Complicated sentences should be avoided.
- Use of indefinite words, clauses should be avoided.
- Should not require any interpretation as to meaning.
Fairness
- Should be fair to all the parties i.e. owner, contractor, manufacturers.
- Contractor should not require to assume the risks and responsibilities for possible errors of the engineer or architect.
Inapplicable Texts
- Inapplicable texts and materials must be deleted from the specification.
Repetition
- Repetition of information should be avoided.
Brevity
- Should be brief as far as possible.
- Long and complicated sentences should be avoided.
- National and international standard code of practices should be referred.
Standard Size and Patterns
- Standard sizes and patterns of the materials available in the market should be specified.
- This saves time and cost.
Description of All Items
- All items affecting the cost of work, their quality and size must be mentioned.
- e.g. scaffolding, curing in brick work, etc should be included.
Description
- A specification should prescribe the quality of material and workmanship, desired final result (strength) etc.
Specification in Paragraphs
The following structure is generally followed for specification in paragraphs:
- Specification for materials:
- Brick: shall confirm to NS or IS.
- Cement: OPC shall be used unless or otherwise specified. OPC shall confirm to NS.
- Sand: shall be well graded of NS.
- Water: potable (drinkable) water should be used for mixing and curing. Physical properties, composition, etc. should be included.
- Combination of materials.
- Preliminary works prior to laying/construction/installation, etc.
- Laying/construction:
- Joint
- Raising the wall
- Face work
- Tests if any
- Clearing on completion
- Schedule if any
- Mode of measurement
8.5 Detailed Specifications for Materials and Workmanship
The various details which should be given in the specification for materials and workmanship are as follows:
Description of Materials
- The quality and size of materials required shall be fully described for checking up at site according to the buildings provided in the specification.
- The proportion of mixing or treatment of materials if required before use shall be clearly described.
- Chemical composition of materials.
- Physical propertied of materials (strength, water absorption etc.)
- Precautions regarding construction.
- Methods of performing various tests, inspections, etc.
Description of Workmanship
- Complete description of workmanship, the method of mixing to the proportion, the method of laying, the preparation of base or surfaces compaction, finishing and curing, etc. specifically applicable to the items if work shall be clearly stated in different clauses.
- Details regarding method of construction of each item.
- Details regarding protection of the performed work as well as the adjacent properties.
- Details of the result desired keeping in view the potential, practical limit of tolerance.
A building is to be constructed which involves the following items of work. Write down the detailed specification of following (all 26 items reproduced in full below):
Detailed Specifications
1. General Provisions & Scope
1.1 Scope of Work
The contractor shall furnish all labor, materials, equipment, tools, and services necessary to complete all site work as indicated on the contract drawings and specified herein. The work generally includes:
- Subsurface investigation coordination and site verification.
- Site clearing, grubbing, and stripping of topsoil.
- Excavation, filling, backfilling, and compaction.
- Erosion, sedimentation, and dust control.
- Trenching and backfilling for underground utilities.
- Rough and final grading.
- Disposal of surplus and unsuitable materials.
1.2 Quality Assurance & Standards
All work shall comply with the latest editions of national, state, and local building codes, as well as the following standards:
- ASTM D1557: Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft³).
- ASTM D698: Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft³).
- ASTM D2487: Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).
- OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926: Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Excavations.
1.3 Submittals
Before commencing site work, the contractor must submit the following for approval:
- Erosion and Sediment Control Plan: Detailing silt fences, tracking pads, and protection measures.
- Soil Reports & Certifications: Certifications from an independent testing laboratory verifying that off-site borrow materials meet structural fill requirements.
- Compaction Test Reports: Field density test results submitted daily or weekly during filling operations.
- Utility Layout Shop Drawings: As-built utility plans detailing exact invert elevations and coordinates.
2. Materials & Products
2.1 Soil Materials
- Topsoil: Natural, fertile, friable soil characteristic of local productive, free of subsoil, weeds, roots, stones larger than 1 inch, and toxic substances.
- Structural Fill: Clean, well-graded granular soil, free of organic matter, debris, chunks of clay, or stones larger than 3 inches. Plasticity Index (PI) must be less than 15, and Liquid Limit (LL) less than 40.
- Native/Common Fill: Approved soil excavated from the site, free of organic matter and rocks larger than 6 inches, suitable for non-structural areas (e.g., green space).
- Bedding Material (Pipe & Utility): Clean, washed sand or crushed stone aggregate (typically AASHTO No. 57 or No. 67) free of clay and organic matter.
2.2 Geotextiles & Geosynthetics
- Stabilization Fabric: Woven polypropylene geotextile designed for subgrade stabilization under roads and parking structures (e.g., Mirafi 500X or equivalent).
- Filter Fabric: Non-woven needle-punched geotextile for drainage systems and retaining walls (e.g., Mirafi 140N or equivalent).
3. Execution & Construction Methods
3.1 Erosion and Sedimentation Control
- Install erosion control measures (silt fences, straw wattles, storm drain inlet protection) prior to any soil disturbance.
- Maintain all erosion control structures throughout construction. Inspect weekly and immediately after any significant rain event.
- Construct a stabilized construction entrance consisting of 2-to-3-inch crushed aggregate to prevent tracking of mud onto public roadways.
3.2 Site Clearing and Grubbing
- Clearing: Remove and dispose of all trees, brush, logs, and vegetation within the designated construction limits, except those marked for preservation.
- Grubbing: Remove all stumps, roots larger than 1.5 inches in diameter, and organic debris to a depth of at least 18 inches below the natural ground surface.
- Topsoil Stripping: Strip topsoil to its full depth (minimum 6 inches) from all areas to be excavated or filled. Stockpile topsoil in designated areas and protect it with temporary seeding or plastic sheeting to prevent erosion.
3.3 Excavation
- Perform excavation to the lines, grades, and elevations shown on the architectural and civil drawings.
- Provide adequate shoring, bracing, and sheeting to protect workmen, adjacent property, and existing utilities in strict compliance with OSHA standards.
- Keep excavations free of water via pumping, well-points, or ditching until structures or pipes are securely installed and backfilled.
3.4 Filling, Backfilling, and Compaction
- Do not place fill or backfill on muddy, frozen, or uncompacted subgrades.
- Place fill materials in uniform, horizontal layers (lifts) not exceeding 8 inches in loose depth.
- Moisture-condition the soil to within ±2% of its optimum moisture content before compaction.
- Compaction Requirements: Compact each lift using mechanical equipment to the minimum percentages of maximum dry density determined by ASTM D1557 (Modified Proctor).
| Location / Application | Minimum Compaction (ASTM D1557) |
|---|---|
| Under building slabs & foundations | 98% |
| Under roadways, driveways, & parking areas | 95% |
| Utility trenches (under pavements) | 95% |
| Landscape / Unpaved areas | 88% − 90% |
3.5 Trenching and Utility Installation
- Excavate trenches to the necessary width to allow proper pipe installation and joint assembly.
- Provide a minimum of 6 inches of compacted granular bedding material beneath all underground piping.
- Hand-trench and hand-tamp backfill up to 12 inches above the crown of the pipe before using heavy compaction machinery to avoid damaging the utilities.
3.6 Grading and Finish Site Work
- Rough Grading: Shape all areas within the contract limits to smooth, flowing lines, matching design contours. Leave subgrades beneath pavements and slabs at the exact subgrade elevations required.
- Final Grading: Uniformly distribute stockpiled topsoil over all unpaved or landscaped areas to a minimum thickness of 4 to 6 inches. Rake clean to remove stones, roots, and debris. Prepare the surface for seeding, sodding, or landscaping.
4. Field Quality Control & Testing
- Testing Agency: An independent geotechnical testing laboratory will be retained by the Owner to perform field testing and inspection.
- Testing Frequency:
- Subgrade Proofrolling: The entire subgrade under building structures and pavements must be proofrolled with a heavy, loaded tandem-axle dump truck (minimum 20 tons) to identify soft or pumping areas before fill placement.
- Compaction Testing: At least one field density test (ASTM D1556 or ASTM D6938) per 2,500 square feet of area per lift under structures, and one test per 100 linear feet of utility trench per lift.
5. Basis of Measurement
Site Clearing: Measured by the total surface area cleared in square yards (or square meters), or as a lump-sum item.
Earth Excavation and Structural Fill: Measured by volume in cubic yards (or cubic meters) computed in place by average end-area calculations from pre-construction and post-construction surveys.
6. Basis of Payment
Payment for the items specified above shall be considered full compensation for all labor, equipment, materials, testing, dewatering, and incidentals required to deliver the subgrade to its designated design specifications.
These specifications pertain to excavation of foundations, trenches, pits and over areas, in all sorts of soil, soft and hard rock, correct to Dimensions given in the drawing including shoring, protections of existing underground utilities of any, such as water lines, electric cables etc.
The earthwork in excavation in foundation involves the following steps:
Site Clearance
- All obstructions, loose stones, materials and rubbish of all kinds, stumps, brushwood and trees shall be removed as directed; roots being entirely grubbed up.
- Useless materials shall be burned or disposed of.
Setting Out
- Center lines shall be given by the Engineers.
- The contractor shall install reference marks, bench marks, etc.
- Labors, materials, etc required for setting out and establishing Bench marks and others references shall be arranged by the contractor at his own cost.
Excavation
- Foundation excavation shall include removal of all materials of whatever nature and whether wet or dry, necessary for the construction of foundation and substructure exactly in accordance with the line, levels, grades and curves as shown on plans.
- It shall be taken to the exact width of the lowest step of the footing and the sides shall be left plumb where the nature of soil admits it.
Disposal of Excavated Materials
- Disposal of excavated materials shall be done at a minimum distance of 1m from the trench of fence.
- Materials useful for other use shall be stacked in convenient places but it shall not obstruct the free movements required for constructional purpose.
- The site shall be left clean of all debris on completion.
Unsound Ground
- Weak ground shall be filled up with 1:3:6 lean concrete.
Dewatering
- Unless otherwise specified, the excavation rate shall include pumping out all water which may accumulate in excavation during the progress of construction.
- The pumping of water from any trenches shall not cause damage to the foundation trenches, concrete or masonry or any adjacent structure.
- The excavation shall be kept free from water as long as it is necessary.
Timbering and Shoring
- The design of shoring shall be done by the contractor unless otherwise specified.
- The shoring shall be of sufficient strength to resist side pressure and ensure safety from steps and blows to prevent damage to work and property and injury to persons.
Antiques
- Any archaeologically important accessories, if found shall be informed to engineer or contractor.
- They shall be government property.
Protection
- Adequate protective measures shall be adopted so that the excavation does not affect or damage adjoining structure and cause injury to the people and property.
- Contractor shall be entirely responsible for any injury to the life and damage to the property caused by his negligence.
Backfilling
- All space between foundation masonry or concrete and the sides of excavation must be refilled to the original surface with approved materials, in layers of 15 to 20cm in thickness, watered and rammed to compact.
- The filling shall be done after concrete or masonry is fully set and done in such a way as not to cause undue thrust on any part of the structure.
Slips and Blows
- If there are any slips or blows in the excavation, they shall be removed by the contractor without any extra cost.
Types of Excavation
- Earthy or sandy material such as soils of all sort, sand, gravel, soft clay, black soil, and other similar material can be easily removed.
- Removal of small boulders not exceeding 3000cc shall be included in the rate for excavation.
Measurement and Payment
- The payment for respective class of excavation shall be made at the contract rate per cubic meters (cubic foot) for the quantity acceptably excavated.
1. General Provisions & Regulatory Codes
1.1 Scope of Structural Work
The contractor shall provide all engineering-approved materials, labor, rigging, formwork, falsework, and quality control systems for:
- Subgrade preparation testing and structural concrete mud slabs.
- Cast-in-place concrete foundations, columns, shear walls, beams, and elevated slabs.
- Supply, bending, and installation of reinforcing steel (rebar).
- Fabrication, field erection, and welding of structural steel framing.
1.2 Codes and Reference Standards
All structural elements must comply strictly with the latest revisions of the following codes:
- ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (American Concrete Institute).
- ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings.
- AISC 360: Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (American Institute of Steel Construction).
- AWS D1.1/D1.1M: Structural Welding Code – Steel (American Welding Society).
- ASTM A615 / A706: Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
2. Cast-in-Place Concrete & Reinforcement
2.1 Material Strengths & Mix Designs
Concrete mix designs must be developed by an approved ready-mix supplier and verified by laboratory trial batches before placement.
| Structural Component | 28-Day Compressive Strength (fc′) | Air Entrainment | Max Water-Cement Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Footings & Grade Beams | 4,000 psi | Non-entrained | 0.45 |
| Columns & Shear Walls | 5,000 to 6,000 psi | 2% to 4% | 0.40 |
| Slabs-on-Grade (Interior) | 4,000 psi | Non-entrained | 0.50 |
| Exterior Exposed Slabs | 4,500 psi | 5% to 7% | 0.45 |
- Cement: ASTM C150 Type I or Type II standard Portland cement.
- Aggregates: Clean, well-graded coarse aggregates (ASTM C33), maximum nominal size 3/4 inch for heavily reinforced zones.
2.2 Reinforcing Steel (Rebar) Detailing
- All deformed rebar must be ASTM A615 Grade 60 (yield strength) minimum. Elements resisting seismic forces require ASTM A706 weldable low-alloy steel.
- Concrete Cover Requirements: Maintain minimum clear concrete protection distances using plastic chairs or concrete spacer blocks:
- Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth: 3 inches.
- Concrete exposed to earth or weather (Beams/Columns): 2 inches.
- Concrete slabs and walls not exposed to weather: 3/4 inch.
2.3 Concrete Placement & Curing
- Formwork Inspection & Pre-wetting (Prior to pour): Clean all formwork of debris, ice, and standing water. Apply a non-staining form-release agent. Pre-wet porous subgrades to prevent water absorption from fresh concrete.
- Delivery and Slump Verification (Within 90 minutes of batching): Verify delivery tickets. Test incoming trucks for temperature and workability. Do not allow the addition of unauthorized water at the jobsite.
- Placement and Mechanical Vibration (Max 5-foot free fall drop): Deposit concrete continuously to avoid cold joints. Limit horizontal movement of concrete using chutes. Insert mechanical internal vibrators vertically into the concrete layer at 18-inch intervals for 5 to 15 seconds to eliminate air voids.
- Moist Curing Application (Minimum 7-day duration): Begin curing immediately after final finishing. Maintain concrete surfaces in a moist condition above 50°F (10°C) utilizing wet burlap coverings, plastic sheeting, or a liquid membrane-forming curing compound (ASTM C309).
3. Structural Steel Framing
3.1 Materials
- Wide-Flange Sections (W-Shapes): ASTM A992 steel.
- Channels, Angles, and Plates: ASTM A36 steel.
- Hollow Structural Sections (HSS): ASTM A500 Grade C (for square/rectangular).
- High-Strength Bolts: ASTM F3125 Grade A325 or A490 heavy hex structural bolts installed to “snug-tight” or fully pre-tensioned requirements based on joint types.
3.2 Fabrication and Erection
- Shop Drawings: Submit detailing drawings showing all member sizes, camber, cutting lengths, connection configurations, and weld designations for approval prior to raw steel procurement.
- Welding: All shop and field welding must be performed by AWS-certified welders using low-hydrogen electrodes (E70XX series minimum).
- Anchor Bolts: Set anchor bolts accurately using templates before concrete foundation pouring. Field adjustments to misplaced anchor bolts require written engineering approval.
4. Field Quality Control & Structural Inspections
Structural testing must be executed by an independent, certified testing laboratory hired directly by the Owner to verify structural safety limits.
4.1 Concrete Quality Control Testing
For every (or fraction thereof) of each concrete mix poured on any given day, field technicians shall extract:
- Slump Test: ASTM C143 to measure workability tolerances of design targets.
- Air Content: ASTM C231 (pressure method) for exterior elements.
- Compressive Strength Cylinders: Mold a minimum of 4 standard cylinder specimens
- Test 1 cylinder at 7 days (to gauge early strength gain).
- Test 2 cylinders at 28 days (for official design confirmation).
- Hold 1 cylinder in reserve for verification if required.
4.2 Structural Steel NDT (Non-Destructive Testing)
- Bolt Tension Verification: Inspect high-strength pre-tensioned joints using a calibrated wrench or by observing Direct Tension Indicator (DTI) washers.
- Weld Inspections:
- 100% Visual Inspection (VT) of all field and shop welds by a Certified Welding Inspector (CWI).
- Ultrasonic Testing (UT) or Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) on 100% of full-penetration moment-connection welds.
5. Measurement and Payment
Structural Concrete: Paid for by the actual volume placed in Cubic Yards (or Cubic Meters) based on net drawing dimensions (minus openings). Formwork and curing are considered incidental to concrete pricing.
Reinforcing Steel: Paid for by computed weight in Tons (or Kilograms) calculated from standard nominal unit weights per linear length, including hooks and lap splices.
Structural Steel: Paid for by total weight in Tons (or Kilograms) of fabricated steel erected in place, inclusive of plates, bolts, and welds.
1. General Provisions & Regulatory Codes
1.1 Scope of Work
The contractor shall supply all labor, tools, premium materials, and testing equipment required to deliver fully operational water supply and internal/external drainage systems, including:
- Cold and hot water distribution plumbing.
- Sanitary fixtures, faucets, and trim installations.
- Soil, waste, and vent piping networks (internal stacks).
- External sewerage, gully traps, manholes, and connection to municipal mains or septic systems.
1.2 Reference Codes & Standards
- IPC / UPC: International Plumbing Code / Uniform Plumbing Code.
- IS 1239 / IS 3589: Steel tubes and tubulars for water supply.
- IS 4985 / IS 13592: uPVC pipes for potable water and soil/waste drainage.
- ASTM D2846: Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems.
2. Materials & Component Specifications
2.1 Potable Water Distribution Pipes
- Internal Cold & Hot Water Lines: Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) SDR 11 or Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR) PN-20 rating. PPR pipes must be fused using specialized thermal welding equipment—no chemical solvents allowed on PPR.
- External Main Supply Lines: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) PN-16 grade or Galvanized Iron (GI) Class C heavy duty.
2.2 Sanitary Drainage & Vent Piping
- Soil, Waste, and Vent Pipes (Above Ground): Unplasticized PVC (uPVC) Type B (Soil/Vent) and Type A (Waste) conforming to engineering design specifications. Joints must be sealed using heavy-duty rubber ring gaskets or premium PVC solvent cement.
- Underground Sewerage Lines: Heavy-wall uPVC or cast-iron (CI) pipes class LA laid on aggregate cradles.
2.3 Sanitary Fixtures & Fittings
- Water Closets (WC): Vitreous china European or Indian type, finished in gloss white, equipped with a dual-flush cistern (6-liter/3-liter capacity).
- Wash Basins & Sinks: Wall-hung or counter-embedded vitreous china basins or 304-grade stainless steel kitchen sinks equipped with deep-seal bottle traps.
- Traps: All floor drains must utilize deep-seal P-traps or multi-inlet floor traps maintaining a minimum 2-inch (50 mm) water seal to prevent sewer gas backflow.
3. Execution & Installation Standards
3.1 Water Supply Pipe Laying
- Chasing in Walls: Cut clean vertical and horizontal chases in masonry using mechanical groove-cutters. Avoid diagonal chasing. Wrap concealed cold/hot pipes in insulation foam to accommodate thermal expansion and prevent condensation.
- Fixing Exposed Pipes: Secure external risers to concrete faces using heavy-duty GI spacer clips spaced no further than 4 feet (1.2 meters) apart horizontally.
3.2 Drainage Pipe Alignment & Slope
Maintain uniform gravity slopes along all horizontal drainage layouts to prevent solids accumulation:
| Pipe Diameter | Minimum Required Gradient / Slope |
|---|---|
| Less than 3 inches (75 mm) | 1 in 50 |
| 4 inches (100 mm) | 1 in 100 |
| 6 inches (150 mm) and larger | 1 in 150 |
- All changes in pipe direction must be executed using long-radius bends connections or sweep tees. Right-angle sanitary tees are strictly prohibited on horizontal runs.
3.3 External Manholes & Inspection Chambers
- Construct brick or pre-cast concrete manholes at every major change in direction, pipe size transition, or at a maximum spacing interval of 50 feet (15 meters).
- Form smooth semi-circular concrete channels (benching) within the base of the manhole to direct sewage velocity smoothly without pooling.
4. Inspection, Testing, & Commissioning
4.1 Hydrostatic Pressure Test (Water Supply)
- Before wall chases are plastered over, plug all outlets and fill the network with clean water.
- Apply a hydrostatic pressure of 150 psi (10.3 bar) or two times the working pressure (whichever is greater) using a manual test pump.
- Hold the pressure for a minimum continuous duration of 2 hours. The system passes if there is zero drop in pressure and no visible moisture at joints.
4.2 Smoke & Water Testing (Drainage System)
- Water Test: Plug the lower end of the soil/waste stack and fill the entire vertical pipe column with water up to the top vent terminal. Inspect for 30 minutes; the water level must remain completely stationary.
- Smoke Test: For finished plumbing networks, pump dense non-toxic smoke into the system under low pressure (water column). Check all fixture traps and vent terminals for smoke escapes to verify airtight seals.
5. Mode of Measurement & Payment Rules
To establish accurate procurement bills, the following Standard Measurement Rules apply to all plumbing lines of items:
5.1 Piping Works (Supply & Drainage)
- Unit of Measurement: Linear Meter (m) or Linear Foot (ft).
- Measurement Criteria: Measured along the centerline axis of the installed pipe network over the net finished length.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: The unit linear rate must factor in pipe supply, wall chasing, brackets, solvent cement, jointing labor, structural pressure testing, and making good the masonry surface. Fittings (Tees, elbows, reducers) are typically measured internally within the running length unless explicitly specified as separate count items in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ).
5.2 Sanitary Fixtures & Outlets
- Unit of Measurement: Numbers (Nos.) or Sets.
- Measurement Criteria: Counted per completed and fully functional fixture unit.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: The fixed unit rate includes the fixture body (e.g., WC bowl), cistern, internal valves, connection pipes, chrome angle-valves, floor bolts, and silicone sealant application.
5.3 Masonry Manholes & Catch Basins
- Unit of Measurement: Numbers (Nos.) grouped by depth categories (e.g., up to 3 feet depth, 3 to 6 feet depth).
- Measurement Criteria: Measured per finished chamber item.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: Incorporates excavation, structural base concrete, brickwork/plastering, internal benching channels, and heavy-duty cast-iron or airtight composite manhole frame covers.
1. General Scope & Reference Standards
1.1 Scope of Work
The contractor shall supply all materials, specialized labor, machinery, and inspection protocols required to deliver complete internal low-voltage electrical systems:
- Concealed (recessed) and surface-mounted conduit networks.
- Power, lighting, and low-current (data/telephone) wiring.
- Installation of Main Distribution Boards (MDB), Sub-Distribution Boards (SDB), and Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB).
- Supply and mounting of modular switches, socket outlets, and luminaire connections.
- Earthing (grounding) systems and lightning protection arrays.
1.2 Standards and Regulations
All works must strictly comply with the latest editions of:
- NEC: National Electrical Code.
- IEC 60364: Electrical Installations for Buildings.
- BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations (IET Wiring Regulations).
- IS 732 / IS 3043: Indian Standard code of practice for electrical wiring and earthing systems (widely referenced across South Asia).
2. Material Specifications
2.1 Conduits & Accessories
- Concealed / In-Slab Conduits: Heavy-duty, rigid, fire-retardant uPVC conduits (minimum wall thickness of nominal diameters). Conduits must withstand mechanical stresses during concrete pours without deformation.
- Exposed / Plant Areas: Galvanized Iron (GI) rigid metal conduits with threaded connections.
2.2 Wires and Cables
- All internal wires must be multi-strand, high-conductivity annealed copper insulated with Flame Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) PVC compound.
- Minimum Core Cross-Sectional Areas:
- Lighting Sub-Circuits: copper.
- Power Outlets: copper.
- Heavy Power Loads (ACs, Geysers, Pumps): copper.
- Main Incoming Feeder: Sized appropriately to the design load calculation (multi-core armored copper or aluminum cable).
2.3 Switchgear & Distribution Boards
- Enclosures: Dust-protected, sheet-steel fabricated distribution boards (thick minimum) finished with anti-corrosive powder coating.
- Protective Components: Equipped with Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB / ELCB) featuring a trip sensitivity for human shock prevention, alongside Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) carrying a minimum short-circuit breaking capacity.
3. Execution & Installation Standards
3.1 Conduit Installation Workflow
- Concrete Slabs: Secure conduits to structural rebar configurations using 18-gauge binding wire prior to concrete casting. Place protective deep-drawn junction boxes filled with paper packing to keep out wet cement slurry.
- Wall Chasing: Cut vertical or horizontal masonry channels using diamond-blade chasing saws. Secure conduits with GI saddles spaced every 3 feet (1 meter) and finish over with 1:3 cement mortar flush with the brickwork.
3.2 Wiring Color Codes & Balancing
Conductor colors must follow standard color conventions strictly throughout the site:
| System Element | Standard Wire Color Scheme |
|---|---|
| Phase / Line (Single-Phase) | Red or Brown |
| Three-Phase Alternating Lines | Red (L1), Yellow (L2), Blue (L3) |
| Neutral Conductor | Black or Blue |
| Earth / Protective Ground | Continuous Green or Green-and-yellow stripe |
- No wire joints are permitted inside the run of any conduit. Splicing is strictly limited to accessible modular junction boxes using insulated twist-on wire connectors or terminal strips.
3.3 Earthing System
- Provide a dedicated earthing array comprising Copper Plate Electrodes or GI Pipe Electrodes embedded in a charcoal and salt treatment layer to keep ground resistance below the specified limit.
- Route continuous green copper earthing lines from the ground pit to the main distribution board earth bar.
4. Testing & Commissioning
The contractor must complete the following tests before the utility service line is energized, submitting certified validation records to the engineer:
- Insulation Resistance Test: Performed using a DC Megger insulation tester between phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth conductors.
- Polarity Test: Verify that all single-pole switches and circuit breakers are connected exclusively to the live (phase) conductor, never to the neutral or earth lines.
- Earth Continuity Test: Measure loop impedance to guarantee that all metal switchboxes, appliance frames, and structural components form a low-resistance path to the ground electrode array.
5. Mode of Measurement & Payment Clauses
5.1 Point Wiring (Lighting and Fan Circuits)
- Unit of Measurement: Points (Nos.).
- Measurement Criteria: Assessed by counting the total number of distinct outlets wired up from the sub-distribution board to the primary terminal point.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: The fixed-point rate covers the uPVC conduit, pull boxes, circuit phase/neutral/earth wiring, draw boxes, modular plates, switches, and labor up to the point holder.
5.2 Circuit / Sub-Main Wiring
- Unit of Measurement: Linear Meter (m) or Linear Foot (ft).
- Measurement Criteria: Measured along the centerline track of the conduit routing for long feeder links running between the Distribution Board and the first switchboard group.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: Paid on actual running linear lengths; includes all combined internal phase, neutral, and ground wires.
5.3 Distribution Boards & Switchgear
- Unit of Measurement: Numbers (Nos.) per assembly unit.
- Measurement Criteria: Evaluated as a complete, single industrial component.
- Inclusive Elements within Rate: Incorporates the metal enclosure, internal copper busbars, primary isolator links, individual MCBs, internal cable dressing, and terminal termination work.
1. Flooring Works (Tiles and Natural Stone)
1.1 Technical Specification
- Vitrified Tiles: Premium double-charged or glazed vitrified tiles (GVT) minimum 8 to 10mm thickness, water absorption less than 0.5%, true to size and free from structural warpage.
- Marble/Granite Stone: First-grade, uniform thickness free from dense structural cracks, vents, or soft spots. Surfaces must be machine-polished to a high mirror finish after installation.
- Bedding Mortar: Cement-sand mortar mix ratio of 1:4 (1 part cement to 4 parts coarse sand). Alternatively, heavy-duty polymer-modified tile adhesive (conforming to ISO 13007 C2TE standards) applied with a notched trowel for wall cladding or large-format floor vitrified tiles.
1.2 Execution & Workmanship
- Substrate Preparation: Clean the concrete base slab of all oil, loose mortar chips, and dust. Roughen the slab surface (hacking) if needed to guarantee a tight mechanical bond.
- Laying Protocol: Spread the cement mortar bedding uniformly to a thickness of 20 to 30 mm. Soak natural stones or porous ceramic tiles in water before laying. For vitrified tiles, apply a thin slurry coat of neat cement to the back of the tile before pressing it firmly into the mortar bed.
- Joints & Grouting: Use plastic tile spacers to maintain a uniform joint width of 2 to 3 mm. Fill joints after 24 hours using epoxy-based or water-resistant polymer-modified cementitious grout matching the tile color.
- Curing: The finished floor must be protected from foot traffic and kept wet by ponding or damp curing for at least 7 days.
2. Wall Plastering and Finishing Works
2.1 Technical Specification
- Internal Plastering: Single or double-coat cement-sand mortar.
- Ceilings: thick mortar mix ratio 1:3 (1 part cement, 3 parts fine sand).
- Internal Brick Walls: thick mortar mix ratio 1:4.
- External Plastering: Double-coat sand-faced plaster (total thickness) using a water-proof cement compounding additive mixed at a ratio of 1:4 or 1:5.
- Wall Putty: White-cement-based water-resistant wall putty applied in two uniform layers (total thickness not exceeding) to yield a perfectly level, mirror-smooth base for painting.
2.2 Execution & Workmanship
- Surface Preparation: Rake out brickwork joints to a depth during masonry execution to provide a solid key for plaster. Wet the walls thoroughly before throwing on the base plaster coat.
- Application: Apply plaster using leveling boards (screeds) to ensure walls are plumb and flat. Cure the plaster coat for a minimum of 7 continuous days before allowing it to dry out for putty application.
- Sandpapering: Sand the dried second coat of putty using fine-grit emery paper (No. 320 or 400) to eliminate trowel marks and minor undulations before priming.
3. Painting and Surface Coating
3.1 Technical Specification
- Primer: One base coat of alkali-resistant interior/exterior wall primer.
- Interior Paint: Two or three coats of premium Acrylic Emulsion Paint (matte, satin, or gloss finish as specified).
- Exterior Paint: Two coats of weather-proof, silicone-enhanced exterior emulsion paint containing anti-fungal and UV-protective additives.
3.2 Execution Workflow
- Substrate Moisture Inspection (Moisture level less than 10%): Ensure the plaster and putty base layers are thoroughly dry. Do not apply paint over fresh, damp walls to avoid moisture entrapment, blistering, and efflorescence.
- Primer Application (1 uniform coat): Apply an acrylic-based primer coat using high-quality rollers. Let it cure and dry completely for 12 to 24 hours.
- First Top Coat Painting (Minimum 4 hours between coats): Thin the emulsion paint according to the manufacturer’s technical data sheets. Apply the first coat using uniform vertical roller strokes.
- Second Top Coat Painting (Final visual inspection): Apply the second coat perpendicular to the first or in balanced vertical sweeps to secure solid, opaque color coverage free from brush marks or sags.
4. Mode of Measurement & Payment Rules
4.1 Tile, Stone, and Plastering Works
- Unit of Measurement: Square Meter or Square Foot.
- Measurement Criteria: Calculated by multiplying the net length of the finished surface by its net width or height.
- Deduction Rules for Openings:
- No deductions are made for small structural openings less than the specified minimum.
- For openings between specified limits, deductions are made for one face only, and jambs/reveals are not added back, keeping billing simple.
- For large openings exceeding the specified limit, both faces are fully deducted, and the actual jamb surfaces are measured and added back into the bill.
4.2 Skirting Works
- Unit of Measurement: Linear Meter (m) or Linear Foot (ft).
- Measurement Criteria: Measured along the bottom perimeter of the walls. The specification must explicitly state the height of the skirting (e.g. 4 inches).
4.3 Painting Works
- Unit of Measurement: Square Meter or Square Foot.
- Measurement Criteria: Measured as flat surface areas. Cornices, moldings, and decorative plaster profiles are calculated with specific multiplication coefficients based on local code standards.
4.4 Basis of Payment
- The contract rates encompass all material supply, scaffolding setup, masking tape protection, drop-cloth layout, cleaning of paint splatters, curing water management, and post-installation cleanup.
All the filling materials should be subjected to Engineer’s approval and refer to standard specification. The earth fill work should not be commenced unless the surface water discharges.
Materials Required
- The materials to be used to fill should be free from clods, salts, sulphates, and other organic or foreign material and chemicals.
- All clods of earth shall be broken into pieces not larger than 150-mm size mixed with properly graded fine materials consisting of earth to fill up the voids.
Cleaning of the Pits
- The approved borrow pit area shall be cleared of all bushes, roots of trees, plants, rubbish etc.
- Top soil containing salts/sulphates and other foreign materials and chemicals should be removed.
- The materials so removed shall be burnt or disposal off as directed by Engineer.
Filling Around Foundations of Structures, Walls etc.
- After the foundation work is accepted by the engineer, the spaces around the foundations, structures, pits, trenches etc, should be cleared of all debris, and filled with earth in layers not exceeding 45 cm.
- Each layer is then watered, rammed and properly consolidated, before the succeeding layer is laid.
- Earth shall be rammed with approved mechanical compaction machines unless manual tampers is avoided to the level of satisfaction of the engineer.
- The final backfill surface should be trimmed and leveled as directed by Engineer or indicated on the drawings.
Plinth Filling
- The case is same in plinth filling as in above. The filling is carried out with approved material as described above in layers not exceeding 45 cm, watered and compacted with mechanical compaction machines unless the mechanical compaction is not possible.
- When filling reaches the finished level, the surface shall be flooded with water, for at least 24 hours, allowed to dry and then the surface is again compacted. The finished level of the filling shall be trimmed to the level/slope specified.
- If specified, the compaction of the plinth fill should be carried out by means of 12 tonnes smooth wheeled rollers. A smaller weight roller may be used only if permitted by Engineer.
- As rolling proceeds water sprinkling should be done to assist consolidation except in case of the sandy fill.
- The thickness of each unconsolidated fill layer can be up to a maximum of 450 mm. The thickness of the layers in which fill has to be consolidated is determined by the engineers depending on the fill materials and equipment used.
This specification covers the general requirements related to the filling of sand in floor.
Materials
- The sand used shall be clean, medium grained and free from impurities.
Filling
- The filling in sand shall be kept flooded with water for 24 hrs to ensure maximum consolidation.
- It shall be single washed gravel of approved quality and of size varying from 12 mm. to 20 mm. It shall be uniformly blinded with approved type of soil and/or sand to obtain full compaction.
- The surface of the consolidated sand shall be dressed to required level or slope; fill shall not be started until engineer has inspected and approves the fill.
Rate
The rate for sand filling in floor shall comply to the following:
- Labor for the work.
- Good quality sand for filling.
- Necessary protection for the purpose.
- Supplies for inspection for the task.
Payment
- Measurement for payment of ‘Sand Filling’ shall be made on the basis of actual area filling in square meter.
- Payment shall be made for the number of square meters measured as per unit rate quoted in the Bill of Quantities.
- The unit rate shall include full cost of labor, tools/equipment, materials and all other costs necessary for the performance and completion of the Works in the workmanlike manner.
Material
- Brick shall be well burnt clay bricks of designated class and shall satisfy the strength criteria and shall be got approved by the Engineer-in-Charge before incorporation in the work.
Preparation of Surface
- The bed on which brick soling is to be laid shall be cleared of all loose materials, levelled, watered and compacted and got approved by the Engineer-in-Charge before laying brick soling.
- Cable or pipe trenches if shown in the drawing and as required by the Engineer-in-Charge shall be got done before the soling is started.
Installation
- The bed on which brick soling is to be laid shall be cleared of all loose materials, levelled, watered and compacted and got approved by the Engineer-in-Charge before laying brick soling.
- Cable or pipe trenches if shown in the drawing and as required by the Engineer-in-Charge shall be got done before the soling is started.
- Second class bricks in dry condition should be laid on the foundation bed after the bed is cleaned. The bricks should be laid in headers with frogs facing upwards.
- All the bricks should be laid closely with break joints and the small gaps between them should be filled up with local fine sand or dry loose earth.
- Brick-bats which are permitted to be used only to provide break joints should be placed at the edges of trenches.
- The finished surfaces should be leveled both longitudinally and transversely.
Rate
- The rate shall include all the materials, labour, transport etc. and no extra payment shall be made for work done at different levels.
- The rate shall also include the cost of preparation of surface, all materials and labour, watering, consolidation etc. all complete.
PCC in foundation involves following steps:
I. Specification of Materials
- Aggregate: It should be clear, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar. Coarse aggregate should be of hard broken stone of granite, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. Unless mentioned it should be 20mm graded down and should be retained in a 5mm square mesh so that voids do not exceed 42%. Fine aggregate should be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a 4.75 mm sieve.
- Cement: Cement should be of OPC when no type is specified. The weight of OPC should be 1440 kg per m³ and rapid hardening cement as 1210 kg per m³. Cement must be fresh and stored on planks raised 15-20 cm, away from walls, not more than 15 bags shall be stacked vertically in one pile and maximum width of pile should not be more than 3m.
- Sand: Sand shall be river sand or pit sand. It should be well graded. Clay, silt content should not be greater than 5%; if so, should be washed before use.
- Water: It should be of potable quality for mixing concrete and curing the work.
II. Combination of Materials — Proportion
The proportion of cement, sand, aggregate should be 1 part cement, 3-part sand, 6-part aggregate.
III. Batching / Measurement
The measurement of cement, sand and aggregate should be in weight.
IV. Mixing
Hand mixing should be done on masonry platform or sheet iron tray. In machine mixing the cement, sand, and aggregate is put into the mixer to have required proportion.
V. Preparation of Concrete and Laying
The PCC foundation works like work of compaction leveling marking thickness, etc. are carried out. The concrete should be properly laid in layer of 15cm and properly set within 45 minutes. To avoid segregation concrete must not be filled from 1m. The compaction should be optimum. The stops in concrete are maintained in 1/3 or 2/3 of spans.
VI. Tests
Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm – 10cm may be allowed for building work.
Clearing on Completion
It should be protected from rain heat and cold. The curing should be done for 14 days.
Mode of Measurement
The measurement is done in per cubic meters (m³) or cubic foot (ft³).
It involves following steps:
I. Specification of Materials
- Bricks: Unless otherwise stated the bricks should confirm to IS 1077-1957 and should be first class bricks. It should be thoroughly burnt, have uniform color, regular in shape and size with sharp edges and should emit a clear ringing sound when struck. Brick shall not absorb more than 1/6th of their weight when soaked in water for 1 hour. The crushing strength shall be of minimum 105 kg/sq.cm.
- Cement: The cement should confirm to IS 269-1976. Ordinary Portland cement shall be used. The weight of O.P.C should be 1440 kg/cu.cm. The minimum compressive strength of OPC should be 175 kg/sq.cm.
- Storage: The storage of cement shall be done on the raised platform 15cm above the floor level and 30 cm away from the walls under the leak proof roof in a weather proof building. Maximum of 15 bags shall be stacked vertically in one pile to prevent lumping of cement under pressure and height of maximum 3m.
- Mortar: Mortar shall be as specified in the drawing, Bill of quantities or schedule of items for the particular work which may differ from case to case and as per the size, shape and thickness of the wall.
- Mix: Cement sand shall be mixed dry thoroughly on clean approved platform of in a mechanical mixer and water shall be added to obtain a mortar of the consistency of a stiff paste.
- Use of mortar: Mortar shall be used as soon as possible, after mixing and within ½ hrs after cement is mixed wet. Mortar unused for more than ½ hrs shall be rejected and removed.
- Transportation of mortar: The well mixed mortar shall be transported from the mixing platform to the site of work in such a manner as to prevent formation of laitance and segregation.
II. Brick Bond
English bond shall be used in the construction of full brick and thicker walls unless otherwise specified in the drawing. For half brick, thick wall “stretcher bond” shall be used throughout the length of the wall.
- Thickness of joints: The thickness of joints in the brickwork shall be 8mm unless specified.
- Soaking of bricks: Bricks shall be soaked in water before use. Any dust shall be removed from the surface of the bricks while soaking; the water must penetrate the whole depth of the brick.
- Laying of bricks for masonry:
- Bricks shall be laid on a full bed of mortar evenly applied on the wetted surface of the old brick work.
- Any dirt or earth shall be cleaned by the wire brush and washed down with water jet.
- While laying, the brick shall be slightly pressed so that the mortar can get into all the pores of the brick.
- Walls shall be taken up truly in plumb or true to the required batter where specified.
- A set of tools comprising of wooden straight edge, Masonic spirit levels, square, one meter rule line and plumb shall be kept at the site of work for checking during the progress of work.
- The position of damp proof course, window sills, bottom of lintels, top of the wall etc. along the height of the wall shall be marked on the graduated straight edge or story rod.
- Block work shall not be carried out in more than a height of 1200 mm in any one day unless otherwise permitted by relevant standards.
- Top courses of all plinths, parapets, steps and top of walls below floor and roof slabs shall be laid with brick on edge, unless specified otherwise.
- Top of the brick work in coping and sills in external walls shall be slightly tilted. Where brick coping and sills are projecting beyond the face of the wall, drip course/throating shall be provided where indicated.
- In retaining walls and the like, where water is likely to accumulate, weep holes, 50 to 75 mm square shall be provided at 2 m vertically and horizontally unless otherwise specified.
- Raking out joints: Joints should rake out to a depth of 6mm at the time of laying. The face of the brick work shall be kept clear of all mortar, the very day the brick is laid.
- Finishing of Joints: The face of brick work may be finished flush or by pointing. In flush finishing either the face joints of the mortar shall be worked out while still green to give a finished surface flush with the face of the brick work.
- Curing: The brick work shall be constantly kept moist on all faces for a minimum period of 10 days.
- Scaffolding: Scaffolding shall be strong enough to withstand all dead, live and impact loads which are likely to come on them. Either single or double scaffolding can be used as per need.
Measurement
Brickwork shall be measured in cubic meter (cu. ft), thickness of wall should be taken as 10 cm (1/2 brick), 20 cm (1 brick), etc.
I. Specification for Materials
- Cement: It shall be fresh Portland cement.
- Sand: Sand shall be clean, sharp and coarse of average 5mm size and shall be free from dust and dirt and screened before use.
- Coarse aggregate: It shall be of clean, hard and dense stone clips 12mm down and shall be washed before use.
II. Mixings
The measurement of coarse aggregate and sand shall be by volume with gauge boxes and cement by bag having a wt. of 50kg or volume of 0.0374 cu.m. Sand and cement in the specified quantities at first shall be mixed dry till of uniform color and spread over the stacked coarse aggregate, the materials shall then be turned over once without adding water and them at least further 3 times, adding the required quantity of water gradually and slowly to give a uniform concrete.
III. Preparation of Base
The top of the wall on which damp proof course is to be laid shall be constructed with bricks on edge or with frogs of the bricks down. The top of the plinth bed over which DPC, is to be placed shall be thoroughly cleaned with a steel brush, washed and wetted before laying the course of concrete.
IV. Laying
- DPC may be laid to the full width of the plinth or of the superstructure as specified in the drawing or specially mentioned.
- It shall be laid to the specified thickness 2.5cm or 4cm over plinth wall flushing with the floor surface and shall not be carried across the doorways or such other openings.
- DPC shall then be tamped, leveled longitudinally and transversely.
- The joints or breaks shall be given at the door opening.
V. Curing
- Damp proof course shall be kept wetted for at least 7 days after laying, if the brick work is not ready to proceed further.
- But in any case, no brickwork shall be commenced on the freshly laid damp-proof course unless DPC has been flooded with water for at least 48 hours.
i. Specification for Materials
- Sal wood to be used for the work must be extracted from the heart of a sound tree of mature growth, well seasoned, uniform in substance, straight fiber.
- It should be free from sap wood, flaws, shakes, warp, cup, spring, twist bends, cracks, knots, decay, harmful fungi, insect attacks and any sort of spongy, brittle, flaky or brushy condition etc. This will enable strength, durability, appearance or the usefulness for the required purpose.
- Color: It should be uniform and dark. Darker the color, more will be its strength and durability.
- Moisture Content: The maximum permissible moisture content for timber shall be 12 percent of dry weight of timber.
- Sawing: All scantling shall be sawn in straight lines, plains and of uniform thickness and of full measurement from end to end and shall be sawn in the direction of the grain. Specified dimension lines and planes shall be secured by leaving sufficient margin.
- Holdfast: The holdfast for the frames could be of mild steel. Its size, shape and required number shall be as per drawing. Holdfasts shall be fixed with iron screws as specified.
ii. Specification for Workmanship
- Workmanship: All fixtures and fastenings must be of the best quality and workmanship. The sizes, shape, design finish shall be as shown on drawings or as directed on sufficing references. All fixtures and fastenings shall be of brass or oxidized brass or stedler aluminum (as specified in the item).
- Joints/Protection of work: All fixtures shall be fixed to the joining in secure and sufficient manner. The joints must be true to line, level, right angled, and smooth. Motice and tenor joints shall be used. Any of the fixtures damaged during fixing shall be removed and new ones fixed in their place and the surface of joinery made good were affected at the contractor’s expense.
- Method of construction: The construction shall be carried out in conformity with IS 1003-1957. The material, construction, workmanship and finished dimension of the components must be entirely as shown on the drawings.
- Engineer’s approval: All the fixtures and works shall be fixed as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Engineer’s approval is important for further proceedings.
- Erection: Fixing of doors and windows shall be as per drawing. It should be true to line, level from plumb. The frame should be erected in position and held plumb with strong supports from both sides and built in sold in masonry as it is being built.
- Preservation: Contact surfaces of masonry, concrete, etc must be preserved by using some preservatives like coal tar checks decay.
iii. Mode of Measurement
It is measured in m³.
This specification covers the providing and fixing of paneled door shutters inclusive of knob type or mortice lock.
Materials
- Timber, plywood, laminated wood/decorative veneer shall be of approved quality make and design and of desired dimensions as per ISI specification.
- All fixtures and fastenings shall be of heavy aluminum and shall be new, sound and strong.
- Design and finish shall be as shown on the drawings.
- Unless otherwise specified, each leaf shall be hung with three butt hinges.
- Door shall be furnished with brass flush bolts on mortice lock of approved quality.
- All the fixtures shall be fixed to joinery in a secure and efficient manner.
- Metal socket shall be provided to all bolts where the shoots enter brick, stone, concrete, etc.
- These shall be securely fixed flush with the surface into mortices and cemented.
- Mortice plates over holes shall be used where the shoots enter wood.
Shutters
- The finished thickness of the shutter shall be 40mm or as shown in the drawings.
- Sal wood or other approved wood leaping shall be provided for door shutters.
Finishing
- Painting or polishing shall be done.
- Joints shall be filled with wood filler, plained properly and cleaned property.
Rate
Rate shall include all labor, materials and equipment for:
- Supply of factory-made shutters.
- Fixing, fitting and fastening of door in frame.
- Lock will be measured separately.
I. Specification for Materials
Specified timber shall be used. It shall be well-seasoned, dry, free from sap, knots cracks or any other defects.
II. Specification for Workmanship
The fixture works shall be of best quality and good workmanship.
III. Joinery Works
- Mortise and Tenon joints shall be used. The joints shall be true to line, leveled and at right angles, it shall be smooth.
- The contact surface of tenon and mortise joints shall be treated before putting together with bulk type synthetic resin adhesive of a make approved by the Engineer in Charge.
- Shutters shall not be painted, oiled or otherwise treated, before there are fixed in position and passed by Engineer-In charge.
- For glazed shutters, mounting and glazing bars shall be two-tenoned to the maximum depth which the size of the member would permit or to a depth of 25mm, whichever is less.
IV. Fittings
- Details of fittings to be provided shall be as per the schedule of fittings supplied by the Engineer-In-charge.
- The cost of providing and fixing shutters shall include the cost of hinges and necessary screws for fixing the same.
- All other fixings settings shall be enumerated and paid for separately.
- The fittings shall conform to their respective IS specification.
This specification covers cement concrete floor nearly finished in general and ordinary concrete floor finish without cement concrete wearing coat and skirting without concrete wearing coat in particular.
I. Materials
Cement, sand, aggregates, water etc. as specified in plain cement concrete work as specified in “STANDARD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS”.
II. General Considerations
The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specifications. The coarse aggregates shall be hard and tough (granite stone) of 20 mm (3/4″) gauge, well graded and free from dust, dirt, etc. The sand shall be coarse of 5mm (3/16″) maximum size and down, well graded, clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matters.
The floor shall be levelled and divided into panels of size not exceeding 1 meter in its smaller dimensions and 2 metres in large dimensions. Glass or aluminium strips 3mm thick and depth equal to the thickness of floor shall be fixed on the base with cement mortar. Required slope shall be given in the floor for draining wash water.
Mixing
Mixing of concrete shall be done either by hand mixing or by mechanical mixer. In case of hand mixing, first cement and sand are mixed dry thoroughly and the dry mix of cement and sand mixed with ballast dry till stone ballast are well coated with dry mix of cement and sand and then mixed by adding water slowly and gradually to the required quantity and then mixed thoroughly to have uniform plastic mix. The quantity of water shall not exceed 30 litres per bag of cement. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot.
In case of using mechanical mixer, the water shall not be poured into the drum of the mixer until all the cement and aggregates constituting the batch are already in the drum and mixed for at least one minute. Cement concrete and cement sand shall be mixed as specified in PCC work and plastering work; color pigment with cement shall be mixed in an approved manner and proportion should be between 1:3 to 1:2.
III. Preparing Base
The base where such flooring is to be laid shall be cleaned, brushed, and watered properly. In structural slab of concrete surfaces, the screw shall be removed by chisel and wire brush and clean properly.
IV. Laying of Concrete
- The floor shall be laid on two layers. The lower layer is 65mm thick and upper layer 10mm thick.
- The concrete shall be laid uniformly all over without leaving a gap and shall be well compacted with the help of vibrator.
- The surface shall then be smoothened with wooden floats and any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement sand mortar.
- The whole operation of laying shall be completed within 30 minutes.
V. Formwork
Formwork for concreting work shall be made in square or rectangular of suitable size but not exceeding 1.2 x 1.2m in any case. The surface shall be tested with a straight edge and mason’s sprit level. The thickness of such film shall not be less than 3mm.
VI. Finishing
- After laying final coat and final cutting is over the surface shall be grinded with various grades of carborandum stones to the smooth and plain surface.
- Steel and iron fleets shall not be used in colored floors.
VII. Slopes
Unless shown in the drawing, all slope of the floor shall be towards the outlet at the rate of 0.75 to 10%.
VIII. Skirting
- Skirting shall be finished as finishing coat of the floor unless otherwise specified.
- It shall include racking and cleaning of base, watering applying plaster work and meat finish, the level, line and corners shall be done carefully to get even plumb of uniform surface.
IX. Rate
The rate shall include the cost of laying wearing courses cost of form work, cost of cutting and protection of the work and finishing of the laid surface including dividing into panels and polishing as required.
This specification deals with materials required, preparation, workability, workmanship, laying, curing and rates of the plain cement concrete for use as reinforced cement concrete by installing reinforcement bars.
I. Specification for Materials
- Aggregate: It should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar. It shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and smaller.
- Cement: It shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specifications and shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
- Water: It shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.
II. Combination of Materials
Proportion: The proportion for the mixture shall be 1:1½:3 (cement: sand: stone ballast) by volume when not specified.
Mixing of Concrete: Mixing of concrete shall be done either by hand mixing or by mechanical mixer. In case of hand mixing, first cement and sand are mixed dry thoroughly and the dry mix of cement and sand mixed with ballast dry till stone ballast are well coated with dry mix of cement and sand and then mixed by adding water slowly and gradually to the required quantity and then mixed thoroughly to have uniform plastic mix. The quantity of water shall not exceed 30 litres per bag of cement. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot.
In case of using mechanical mixer, the water shall not be poured into the drum of the mixer until all the cement and aggregates constituting the batch are already in the drum and mixed for at least one minute. Mixing of each batch shall be continued until there is a uniformity in colour and consistency but mixing shall be done for not less than two minutes and at least forty revolutions after all the materials and water are in drum.
When absorbent aggregates are used or when the mix is very dry, the mixing time shall be extended as may be directed by the engineer. Mixer shall not be loaded above their rated capacity as this prevents thorough mixing.
The entire contents of the drum shall be discharged before the ingredients for the next batch are fed into the drum. No partly set or remixed or excessively wet concrete shall be used and it shall be immediately removed from site. Each time the work stops, the mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned and when the next mixing starts, the first mix shall have 10% additional cement at no extra cost to the employer to allow for loss in the drum.
Laying:
- Reinforcement shall be placed prior to the pouring of concrete; placement and cleanliness shall be checked.
- The forms shall be well wetted and all shavings, dirt and water collected at the bottom shall be removed before concrete is placed.
- Concrete shall be laid gently (not thrown) in layers not exceeding 15cm and compacted by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained.
- The surface shall then be smoothened with wooden floats and any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement sand mortar.
- The whole operation of laying shall be completed within 30 minutes.
- Formwork shall be removed only when the concrete has fully set.
- A general cover of min. 25mm shall be provided to the reinforcements.
III. Curing
After about two hours of laying of concrete, when the concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours.
IV. Mode of Measurement
The mode of measurement shall be in m³.
Rates
The rates for items shall include cost of all materials consumed in the work at all levels, hire charges of materials, tools and plant, cost of labour, insurance, all transport, services, accommodation, supervision, storage, protection etc.
This specification covers, providing and fixing for steel and mild steel reinforcement of various sizes in all type of RCC works.
I. Material
- Steel rods shall confirm to NS 191-2046.
- Binding wires shall confirm to NS 191-2046 (malleable, 20 gauge).
II. Preliminary Work Prior to Binding/Laying
- Cleaning: All steel for reinforcement shall be free from loose rust, oil, grease, paint, or other harmful matters.
- Cutting and Bending:
- Unless otherwise specified, reinforcing steel shall be bent in accordance with procedure specified in IS: 2502 or as approved by Engineer.
- Bars correctly bent shall only be used.
- Bars shall not be straightened in a moment that will injure the materials.
- All the bars shall be cold bent unless otherwise specified.
III. Placing in Position
- All reinforcement shall be accurately placed in position as shown in the drawings.
- Bars intend to be in contact at crossing points shall be securely bound together at all such points.
- Binders in contact shall be securely held.
- The vertical distance between successive layers of bars shall be maintained by provision of mild steel spacer bars.
- The spacer bars should be so placed that the main bars do not sag between adjacent spacers.
- Welding by gas or electricity may be permitted.
- The placing of reinforcement bars shall be completed well in advance of concrete pouring.
- Concrete blocks shall be used for ensuring the cover and positioning of reinforcement.
- Laps and anchorage lengths of reinforcing bars shall be in accordance with IS: 456, unless otherwise specified.
- The laps shall be staggered as far as practicable.
IV. Expanded Reinforcement
Reinforcement projecting from work being concreted shall not be bent out of its correct position for any reason unless they are protected from deformation or other damage.
V. Exposed Reinforcement
Reinforcement projecting from work being concreted shall not be bent out of its correct position for any reason unless they are protected from deformation or other damage.
VI. Cover to the Reinforcement
Unless otherwise specified, following clear cover to the main reinforcement shall strictly adhere to:
- Column: 25mm or size of the main bar whichever is greater.
- Beam: 25mm or size of the main bar whichever is greater.
- Slab: 15mm or size of the main bar whichever is greater.
VII. Measurement
- The net reinforcement work shall be worked out in terms of weight.
- Lapping and spacer bars shall not be measured.
VIII. Rate
Rate shall include all materials, labor and other incidental items for complete work of steel reinforcement.
Form work shall include all forms or moulds required for forming the concrete which is cast in situ, together with all temporary construction required for their support. It covers centering and shuttering works for RCC works of any size, shape, etc at only level including strutting, propping and removal.
Material
- Formwork shall be composed of steel and/or best quality shuttering wood or shuttering plywood.
- Timber shall be free from knots and shall be of medium grain as far as possible.
- Plywood or equivalent shall be used where specified to obtain smooth surface for exposed concrete work.
- Hardwoods shall be used as caps and wedges under or over posts.
Propping and Centering
- Props used for centering shall be of steel, timber, posts, ballies or any other material approved by engineer-in-charge. In case when ballies are used none shall be less than 100mm in diameter measured at mid length and 80mm at thin end.
- In case span exceeds 4.50 meters and height exceeds 3.5m suitable horizontal as well as diagonal bracing shall be provided.
- In case height of centering exceeds 3.50 meter, the props may be provided in multi-stages.
Construction
- The centering shall be true and rigid and thoroughly braced both horizontally and diagonally.
- The forms shall be sufficiently strong to carry without undue deformation, the dead weight of the concrete as a liquid and working load.
- The formwork shall be strong enough to withstand the effects of vibration.
- The formwork shall ensure a smooth uniform surface of the concrete, free from honeycombs, air bubble fines and other defects.
- For exposed interior and exterior concrete surface or beams, columns and walls, the formwork should be thoroughly cleated and tied together.
- All floor and beam centering shall be crowned not less than 6mm in all directions for every 5m span.
- Temporary openings for cleaning, inspection and pouring concrete shall be provided at the base of vertical forms and at other places as directed by the Engineer.
- The temporary openings shall be so formed that they can be conveniently concreted.
Cleaning
- The forms for slabs and the sides of the beams, columns and walls shall be removed first, leaving the shuttering to the soffits of beams and their support in position.
- Wedges, spacer bolts, clamps shall be removed gradually without jamming the concrete.
Re-use of Forms
All formworks shall be thoroughly scraped, cleaned, examined and repaired, if necessary, before re-use.
Classification
- Ordinary exterior grade plywood of good quality shall be used for formwork.
- Approved brand of heavy quality plywood shall be used where a especially good finish with a perfect level is required.
Removal of Formwork
When ordinary Portland cement is used, forms may be removed after expiry of the following periods:
| Parts of Structure | Period |
|---|---|
| Wall, columns and vertical faces of all structural members | 24 to 48 hours as may be decided by engineer-in-charge |
| Slabs (props left under) | 3 days |
| Beam soffits (props left under) | 7 days |
| Removal of props under slab — Spanning upto 4.5m | 7 days |
| Removal of props under slab — Spanning over 4.5m | 14 days |
| Removal of props under beams and arches — Spanning up to 6m | 14 days |
| Removal of props under beams and arches — Spanning over 6m | 21 days |
Rate
Rate shall include for all the necessary material and labor to execute the formwork.
This specification covers cement plaster finishes to ceiling and similar surfaces on background normally wet with concrete (plain or reinforced).
I. Materials
All required materials shall be specified in “STANDARD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS”.
- Cement: Cement shall confirm to IS 269-1965. Ordinary Portland cement shall be used.
- Sand: Sand shall confirm to IS 383-1965. It shall be river sand or pit sand. It shall be free from mica. Clay, silt content must not be greater than 5%.
- Water: It shall be used for mixing concrete and curing the work. Potable water must be used.
II. Scaffolding
Stage scaffolding shall be provided for the work. This shall be independent of the walls. Double scaffolding shall be done for cement plaster.
III. Preparation of Surface
Projected bars of mortar formed due to the gaps at joints in shuttering shall be removed. This surface shall be scrubbed clean with wire brushes. In addition, concrete surfaces shall be pock-marked with pointed tool, at spacing of not more than 5cm centers, the pocks being made not less than 3mm deep.
IV. Materials for Mortar
Mortar shall be specified and material of mortar shall be of standard specification. In cement mortar (1:3), cement shall be fresh, Portland cement and sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic matter.
V. Preparation of Mortar
Cement and sand ratio shall be mixed dry thoroughly on clean approved platform or in a mechanical mixer and water shall then be added to obtain a mortar of the consistency of a stiff paste. Care being taken to add just sufficient water for the purpose.
VI. Laying
- In the case of ceilings of roofs slabs, plaster shall not be commenced until the terrace has been completed.
- To ensure even thickness on a true surface, gauges of plaster 15cm x 15cm shall be first applied at not more than 1.5m intervals in both directions to serve as guides for the plastering.
- The plastering and finishing shall be completed within half an hour of adding water to the dry mixture.
VII. Finish
- The work shall be tested frequently as the work proceeds with a true straight edge not less than 2.5m long and with plumb bob.
- All horizontal lines and surfaces shall be tested with a level and all jambs and corners with a plumb bob as the work proceeds.
VIII. Thickness
The average thickness of plaster shall not be less than 10mm. The minimum thickness over any portion of surface shall not be less than 6mm.
IX. Curing
The plastering surface should be kept wet by sprinkling water after 12 hours or when the surface has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when watered for at least 7 days.
X. Rate
The rate includes all labor, materials, erection and removal of scaffolding, preparation of background, finishing, curing etc.
This section covers cement plaster finishes to wall, floor and similar surfaces in background normally wet with such as brick or concrete (plain or reinforced).
I. Materials
Blended cement, sand and water required for the work shall be in the ratio of 1:4 of cement:sand. The types of cement, sand and water to be used shall conform to “Standard Construction Materials”.
II. Scaffolding
Wooden ballies, planks, trestles, G.I pipes, ply board and other scaffolding material shall be sound and erected in accordance with the specification given under brick work or as directed by the engineer.
- Cement mortar: The mortar for cement plaster of specified proportion shall be mixed as specified 1:4 proportion as directed by engineer.
- Preparation of mortar: Cement and sand ratio shall be mixed dry thoroughly on clean approved platform or in a mechanical mixer and water shall then be added to obtain a mortar of the consistency of a stiff paste. Care being taken to add just sufficient water for the purpose.
III. Preparation of Surface
- The surface to be plastered shall first be thoroughly cleaned of all muck and cleaned down.
- The surface to be plastered shall be well wetted for a minimum period of 6 hours before commencing the work.
- The mortar for all plaster work shall be blended cement mortar of mix as specified in the schedule of quantities.
- Before commencement of plastering operation, the contractor shall ensure that all the service pipes, electrical conduits, boxes, switch boxes etc. have been installed in position.
Application of undercoat:
- The undercoat shall be approximately 12mm thick and carried to the full length of the wall or to the natural breaking points like doors or windows.
- Masonry walls on which plaster is to be applied directly, shall be clean and dry with the joints raked to a depth of at least 10mm.
- On monolithic walls, the undercoat shall be dashed on unless the surface is sufficiently rough to ensure adequate bond for it when applied with a trowel or produced by mechanical roughening.
- The dashing of undercoat shall be done using a strong whipping motion at right angles to the face of the wall, or it may be applied with a plaster machine or cement gun.
Application of the finishing coat:
- The finishing coat shall be applied with a trowel to a thickness of approximately 12mm or roughly leveled off.
- When the face is quite stiff and there is no moisture on the surface, the float shall be worked with a circular movement bringing the sand in the plaster to the face and producing a uniform texture.
IV. Curing
- Each coat shall be kept damp continuously for at least two days.
- The water shall be applied by using a fine fog spray.
V. Rate
The rate include all labor, materials, erection and removal of scaffolding, preparation of background, finishing, curing etc.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, sizes, construction, workmanship, finishes and installation of wooden handrails.
I. Type
The timber used shall be of the best quality ‘shisan’ wood as specified in the item.
II. Quality
- Timber used for work shall be from the heart of a sound tree of mature growth, the sapwood being entirely removed.
- It shall have permissible gradient of in grain.
- It shall be uniform in substance, straight in fibre, free from large, loose, dead or cluster knots, flaws, shakes, warp, cup, spring, twist bends of defects of any kind.
- It should be free from spongy, brittle, flaky or brushy condition. The timber shall be either seasoned in a seasoning plant or naturally sun dried in a shed for a period of 2 years.
- The timber shall be free from decay, fungal growth, pitch pockets, streaks on the exposed edges, borer holes, splits and cracks.
Colour
The colour shall be uniform as far as possible, the darkness of colour among coloured species of timber generally being a sign of strength and durability.
Moisture Content
The maximum permissible moisture content for timber shall be 12 per cent of dry weight of timber.
Sawing and Planing
All scantlings shall be sawn in lines corresponding to the slope of the staircase in the direction of grain.
Fabrication
- The fabrication of wooden hand rail shall follow the standard specification for wood work.
- The wooden handrail shall be in single piece per flight panel, moulded, shaped and finished to required dimensions as shown in drawing and as directed by the Engineer-in-charge.
- The hand railing shall be secured perfectly to line, slope and level to M.S. flat runners, balusters, newels and posts.
- M.S. grill, balusters, M.S. flat frame work fabricated as per the drawing and shall be strictly according to the specifications specified in manufacturing of M.S. grills and structural steel work.
- M.S. balusters, newels, M.S. flat frame work and posts as the case may be, shall be fabricated in a workman like manner.
Erection
- The hand railing shall follow the inclination of stair in case of stair-case and shall be perfectly in line, level and plumb for all other railings.
- Railing shall be joined in lengths with plain butt joints, dowelled and held together by hand rails, bolts, clamps and M.S. frame work.
VI. Mode of Measurement
- Hand railing shall be measured for payment in running meters.
- The length shall be measured along the top centre line of the hand rail and shall be measured between ends of balusters, newels posts as the case may be up to two places of a decimal.
VII. Rate
Rate is to include fabrication, leaving suitable pockets, grouting the same, fixing, all labour, materials, transporting, painting, polishing, finishing, scaffolding if necessary and as described in the schedule of quantities.
This specification covers marble flooring in situ having uniform in color free from stains, cracks, decay and weathering and providing the necessary skirting edging of the same material.
I. Methods
- Marble stone flooring consists of 20 mm to 25 mm thick marble slabs laid over 20 mm thick base of cement coarse sand mortar of 1:3 and jointed with white cement slurry mixed with pigment to match the shade of stone.
- The marble stones/slabs used in flooring or dado are cut according to the size and shapes given in drawing or to suit site dimension of the room and desired pattern.
- All angles and edges of marble slabs are true and square and are free from chipping. The surface is true and plain.
II. Bedding/Backing Mortar
- The bedding mortar shall be a mixture of cement and sand in the ratio of 1:3.
- For this either hand-mixing or machine-mixing shall be carried out as specified by the EIC.
III. Laying / Flooring
- Before laying the cement mortar bedding/backing, the concrete/brick, floor/wall surfaces shall be thoroughly hacked, cleaned of all mortar scales, concrete lumps etc., brushed, washed with water to remove mud, dirt etc.
- A bedding of cement mortar of 20 mm average thickness with the minimum thickness at any place under the slab not less than 13mm shall be laid evenly and to the required slopes as directed.
- The marble slabs shall be thoroughly washed and cleaned and then be laid on the bedding/backing with cement floating at the rate of 4.39 kg/m².
- All slabs shall be truly and evenly set in a thick cement slurry or paste like consistency applied to the sides and bottom and over the prepared base.
- All slabs shall be extended up to the unplastered surface of masonry walls/RCC columns/RCC walls.
- All slabs shall be so laid as to have continuous lines from various rooms to the corridors.
IV. Curing of Marble Stone Flooring
The Marble stone floor should be cured for a minimum period of seven days.
V. Polishing and Finishing
- The grinding may be done either by hand or by machine.
- Manual grinding should be done after two days of laying of marble flooring.
- Machine grinding should commence 3-4 days after laying marble stone flooring.
First Grinding:
- The grinding should be done by machine with grit No. 60.
- The water should be used profusely during grinding.
- After grinding the surface should thoroughly be washed to remove all grinding mud.
- A grout of cement and pigment in the same mix and proportion apply to the surface.
- It should be allowed to dry and then cured for four days.
Second Grinding:
- The second grinding is done with machine fitted with fine grit blocks No. 120.
- The surface is again washed cleanly and is repaired if required.
VI. Measurement
- Marble stone flooring, sills, treads, risers, dado cladding etc. shall be measured in square metre correct to two places of decimal.
- The length and breadth shall be measured between the finished faces correct to two places of decimal of metre. No deduction shall be made nor extra paid for any opening of area upto 0.05 sqm.
- Nothing extra shall be paid for working at different levels.
VII. Rate
The rate shall include the cost of all materials, transport tools, plants, scaffolding and labour involved in all operations described above.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, workmanship, finishes and application of cement sand punning on floor.
I. Material
Blended cement, sand and water required for the work shall be in the ratio of 1:1 of cement:sand. The types of cement, sand and water to be used shall conform to “Standard Construction Materials”.
II. Preparation of Mix
A mixture of cement and sand in the ratio of 1:1 shall be used.
III. Application
- When the plaster has been brought to a true surface with the wooden straight edge, it shall be uniformly treated over its entire area with a paste of neat cement and rubbed smooth, so that the whole surface is covered with neat cement coating.
- Smooth finishing shall be completed with trowel immediately and in no case later than half an hour of adding water to the plaster mix.
IV. Measurements
- The measurements for cement punning shall be taken over the finished work. The length and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm.
- The area shall be calculated in sqm correct to two places of decimal.
- Punning over Plaster on bands, skirting, coping, cornices, drip courses, string courses etc. shall not be measured separately but only as wall surfaces.
- In these cases the measurements shall be taken girthed over the above features.
- Punning over plaster on circular work also, of any radius shall be measured only as wall surfaces, and not separately.
- Cement punning in patch repairs irrespective of the size of the patch shall be measured as new work, and in this case the rate shall include for cutting the patch to rectangular shape before lime punning.
V. Rate
The rate shall include the cost of all labour and materials involved in all the operations.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, workmanship, finishes and application of cement paints.
I. Material
- The cement Paint shall be (conforming to IS 5410) of approved brand and manufacture.
- The material shall be brought in at a time in adequate quantities to suffice for the whole work or at least a fortnight’s work.
II. Preparation of Surface
- For new work, the surface shall be thoroughly cleaned of all mortar dropping, dirt dust, algae, grease and other foreign matter by brushing and washing.
- Pitting in plaster shall be made good and a coat of water proof cement Paint shall be applied over patches after wetting them thoroughly.
III. Preparation of Mix
- Cement Paint shall be mixed in such quantities as can be used up within an hour of its mixing as otherwise the mixture will set and thicken, affecting flow and finish.
- Cement Paint shall be mixed with water in two stages. The first stage shall comprise of 2 parts of cement Paint and one part of water stirred thoroughly and allowed to stand for 5 minutes.
- The second stage shall comprise of adding further one part of water to the mix and stirring thoroughly to obtain a liquid of workable and uniform consistency.
- The lids of cement Paint drums shall be kept tightly closed when not in use, as by exposure to atmosphere the cement Paint rapidly becomes air set due to its hygroscopic qualities.
- In case of cement Paint brought in gunny bags, once the bag is opened, the contents should be consumed in full on the day of its opening.
IV. Application
- The solution shall be applied on the clean and wetted surface with brushes or spraying machine.
- The solution shall be kept well stirred during the period of application.
- It shall be applied on the surface which is on the shady side of the building so that the direct heat of the sun on the surface is avoided.
- The completed surface shall be watered after the day’s work.
- The second coat shall be applied after the first coat has been set for at least 24 hours. Before application of the second or subsequent coats, the surface of the previous coat shall not be wetted.
- For new work, the surface shall be treated with three or more coats of water proof cement Paint as found necessary to get a uniform shade.
- For old work, the treatment shall be with one or more coats as found necessary to get a uniform shade.
V. Precaution
- Water proof cement Paint shall not be applied on surfaces already treated with white wash, colour wash, distemper dry or oil bound, varnishes, Paints etc.
- It shall not be applied on gypsums, wood and metal surfaces.
- If water proofing cement is required to be applied on existing surface, previously treated with white wash, colour wash etc., the surface shall be thoroughly cleaned by scrapping off all the white wash, colour wash etc. completely.
- Thereafter, a coat of cement primer shall be applied followed by two or more coat of water proof cement.
VI. Mode of Measurement
The measurement shall be done in m².
VII. Rate
The rate shall comply with the equipment, materials and labour necessary for the completion of the work.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, workmanship, finishes and application of washable distemper.
I. Materials
- Oil emulsion (Oil Bound) washable distemper (IS 428) of approved brand and manufacture shall be used.
- The primers where used as on new work shall be cement primer or distemper primer.
- The distemper shall be diluted with water or any other prescribed thinner in a manner recommended by the manufacturer.
- Only sufficient quantity of distemper required for day’s work shall be prepared.
II. Preparation of the Surface
For new work:
- The surface shall be thoroughly cleaned of dust, old white or colour wash by washing and scrubbing.
- The surface shall then be allowed to dry for at least 48 hours.
- It shall then be sand papered to give a smooth and even surface.
- Any unevenness shall be made good by applying putty, made of plaster of paris mixed with water on the entire surface including filling up the undulations and then sand papering the same after it is dry.
For old work:
- All loose pieces and scales shall be removed by sand papering. The surface shall be cleaned of all grease, dirt etc.
- Pitting in plaster shall be made good with plaster of paris mixed with the colour to be used.
- The surface shall then be rubbed down again with a fine grade sand paper and made smooth.
- A coat of the distemper shall be applied over the patches. The patched surface shall be allowed to dry thoroughly before the regular coat of distemper is applied.
III. Coating
Primer Coat:
- The priming coat shall be with distemper primer or cement primer. If the wall surface plaster has not dried completely, cement primer shall be applied before distempering the walls.
- But if distempering is done after the wall surface is dried completely, distemper primer shall be applied.
- For old work no primer coat is necessary.
Distemper Coat:
- For new work, after the primer coat has dried for at least 48 hours, the surface shall be lightly sand papered to make it smooth for receiving the distemper, taking care not to rub out the priming coat.
- One coat of distemper properly diluted with thinner shall be applied with brushes in horizontal strokes followed immediately by vertical ones which together constitute one coat.
- The subsequent coats shall be applied in the same way.
- Two or more coats of distemper as are found necessary shall be applied over the primer coat to obtain an even shade.
- A time interval of at least 24 hours shall be allowed between successive coats to permit proper drying of the preceding coat.
- For old work the distemper shall be applied over the prepared surface in the same manner as in new work. One or more coats of distemper as are found necessary shall be applied to obtain an even and uniform shade. 15 cm double bristled distemper brushes shall be used.
- After each day’s work, brushes shall be thoroughly washed in hot water with soap solution and hung down to dry.
IV. Mode of Measurement
The measurement shall be done in m².
V. Rate
The rate shall comply with the equipment, materials and labour necessary for the completion of the work.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, workmanship, finishes and application of enamel paints.
I. Specifications for Material
Synthetic Enamel Paint (conforming to IS 2933) of approved brand and manufacture and of the required color shall be used for the top coat and an undercoat of ordinary Paint of shade to match the top coat.
II. Painting on New Surface
- For new work the surface shall be thoroughly cleaned of dust, old white or colour wash by washing and scrubbing.
- The surface shall then be allowed to dry for at least 48 hours. It shall then be sand papered to give a smooth and even surface.
- Any unevenness shall be made good by applying putty, made of plaster of paris mixed with water on the entire surface including filling up the undulations and then sand papering the same after it is dry.
The two application is done:
Under Coat:
- One coat of the specified ordinary Paint of shade suited to the shade of the top coat shall be applied and allowed to dry overnight.
- It shall be rubbed next day with the finest grade of wet abrasive paper to ensure a smooth and even surface, free from brush marks and all loose particles dusted off.
Top Coat:
- Top coats of synthetic enamel Paint of desired shade shall be applied after the undercoat is thoroughly dry.
- Additional finishing coats shall be applied if found necessary to ensure properly uniform glossy surface.
III. Painting on Old Surface
Preparation of surface:
- Where the existing Paint is firm and sound it shall be cleaned of grease, smoke etc. and rubbed with sand paper to remove all loose particles dusted off.
- All patches and cracks shall then be treated with stopping and filler prepared with the specified Paint. The surface shall again be rubbed and made smooth and uniform. If the old paint is blistered and flaked it will be necessary to completely remove it.
- Removal shall be paid for separately and the painting shall be treated as on new surface.
IV. Finishing
- The number of coats as stipulated in the item shall be applied with synthetic enamel Paint.
- Each coat shall be allowed to dry and rubbed down smooth with very fine wet abrasive paper, to get an even glossy surface.
- If however, the surface is not satisfactory, additional coats as required shall be applied to get correct finish.
V. Mode of Measurement
The measurement shall be done in m².
VI. Rate
The rate shall comply with the equipment, materials and labour necessary for the completion of the work.
This specification defines the requirements regarding material, workmanship, finishes and application of French polishing on door shutters.
I. Material
Pure shellac conforming to IS 16 varying from pale orange to lemon yellow colour, free from resin or dirt shall be dissolved in methylated spirit at the rate of 140 gm of shellac to 1 litre of spirit. Suitable pigment shall be added to get the required shade. Readymade polish conforming to IS 348 can also be used.
II. Polishing New Surface
Preparation of surface:
- The surface shall be cleaned.
- All unevenness shall be rubbed down smooth with sand paper and well dusted.
- Holes and indentations on the surface shall be stopped with glazier’s putty.
- The surface shall then be given a coat of wood filler made by mixing whiting (ground chalk) in methylated spirit at the rate of 1.5 Kg of whiting per litre of spirit.
- The surface shall again be rubbed down perfectly smooth with glass paper and wiped clean.
III. Polishing Old Surface
Preparation of surface:
- If the old polished surface is not much soiled it shall be cleaned of grease and dirt by rubbing with turpentine and then rubbed with fine sand paper.
- If the old polished surface is much soiled then it will be necessary to remove the entire polish and such removal shall be paid for separately outside the rate of polishing.
IV. Application
- The number of coats of polish to be applied shall be as described.
- A pad of woollen cloth covered by a fine cloth shall be used to apply the polish.
- A trace of linseed oil on the face of the pad facilitates this operation. The surface shall be allowed to dry and the remaining coats applied in the same way.
- To finish off, the pad shall be covered with a fresh piece of clean fine cotton cloth slightly damped with methylated spirit and rubbed lightly and quickly with circular motions.
- The finished surface shall have a uniform texture and high gloss.
V. Mode of Measurement
The measurement shall be done in m².
VI. Rate
The rate shall comply with the equipment, materials and labour necessary for the completion of the work.
This specification covers the pavement of ceramic tiles in cement mortar (1:3).
I. Material
Tiles:
- The tiles shall be of approved make and shall generally conform to IS 15622.
- They shall be flat, and true to shape and free from blisters crazing, chips, welts, crawling or other imperfections detracting from their appearance.
- The tiles shall be tested as per IS 13630.
- The tiles shall be square or rectangular of nominal sizes 32 mm x 19 mm, 25mm x 25mm, 40mm x 19mm, 40mm x 40mm or of standard specified sizes.
- It includes the profiles on the visible face and on the rear side.
- The joint in case of spacer lug tile shall be as per spacer. The tiles shall conform to IS 15622 with water absorption 3 to 6%.
- The top surface of the tiles shall be glazed. Glaze shall be either glossy or matt as specified. The edges of the tiles shall be preferably free from glaze.
Mortar: Cement mortar shall be a mixture of cement and sand in a ratio of 1:3.
II. Preparation of Surface and Laying
Materials and preparation of mortar shall confirm to the plaster work.
- Base concrete or the RCC slab on which the tiles are to be laid shall be cleaned, wetted and mopped.
- The bedding for the tile shall be with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement: 3 coarse sand) or as specified.
- The average thickness of the bedding shall be 20 mm or as specified while the thickness under any portion of the tiles shall not be less than 10 mm.
- Mortar shall be spread, tamped and corrected to proper levels and allowed to harden sufficiently to offer a fairly rigid cushion for the tiles to be set and to enable the mason to place wooden plank across and squat on it.
- The plaster shall be roughened by wire brushes or by scratching diagonal lines 1.5mm deep at 7.5 cm centre both ways.
- The back of tiles shall be buttered with a coat of grey cement slurry plaster and set in the bedding mortar.
- The tiles shall be tapped and corrected to proper place and lines. The tiles shall be butt jointed in the required pattern and joints truly vertical.
- After the tiles have been laid, surplus cement grout shall be cleared off.
III. Curing
- After a period of curing of 7 days minimum, the surface shall be washed thoroughly, tiles shall be cleaned, and the paper cover of the tile to be removed, the surface shall not sound hollow when tapped.
- The surface during laying shall be checked with a straight edge 2 m long.
IV. Pointing and Finishing
- The joints shall be cleaned off the grey cement slurry with wire/coir brush or trowel to a depth of 2 mm to 3 mm and all dust and loose mortar removed.
- Joints shall then be flush pointed with white cement added with pigment if required to match the colour of tiles.
- The floor shall then be kept wet for 7 days. After curing, the surface shall be washed and finished clean.
V. Measurements
- Length and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm before laying skirting, dado or wall plaster.
- Where coves are used at the junctions, the length and breadth shall be measured between the lower edges of the coves.
- No deduction shall be made nor extra paid for voids not exceeding 0.20 square metres.
- Deductions for ends of dissimilar materials or other articles embedded shall not be made for areas not exceeding 0.10 square metres.
- Areas, where glazed tiles or different types of decorative tiles are used will be measured separately.
VI. Rate
For tiles of sizes upto 0.16 sqm unless otherwise specified in the description of the item. Nothing extra shall be paid for the use of cut (sawn) tiles in the work. Extra over and above the normal rate for white tiles shall be paid where coloured or any other type of decorative tiles have been used.
The work cover all materials required for such pipes and fittings. The work shall include water supply external and internal including jointing the pipes, fixing in positions to its original finish complete with testing and ready for operation.
I. Materials
- GI pipes and fittings: The pipes shall be galvanized mild steel welded tubes and seamless, screwed tubes confirming to the requirements of IS B 1239-1958 for medium grade.
- Cast iron pipes: Pipes of 80mm dia. and above shall be span cast iron pipes confirming to IS 1536-1967 of class as specified in the bill of quantities.
- Fitting: Pipes and fittings shall be cast iron confirming to IS 1536-1960 of class as specified. The pipes should be joined with pig lead as specified.
- Cast iron double flanged pipes: CI double flanged pipes shall be used for making connection to RCC overhead reservoir pump connection for suction and delivery. The pipes should confirm to IS 1537-1967.
II. Water Supply (External)
- Pipes: The pipes are laid outside the building and generally underground shall be considered as external water supply. Pipes shall be laid in trenches with a covering of 3′ for cast iron pipes and galvanized pipes.
- Making connections to existing mains: Contractor shall make tee connections to existing water supply mains of required size. It shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor to make adequate arrangement for cutting the roads and provide a lantern and a red mark to prevent from the mishaps.
- Trenches: All GI pipes below ground shall be laid in trenches and shall be minimum of cover of 2″.
- Measurements:
- GI pipes shall be measured in running metre.
- CI pipe fittings, lead caulked joints, joints for double flanged pipes, sluice and air valves, brick masonry chamber, fire hydrants, shall be paid for by number.
- Cement concrete shall be paid for by cubic metre.
- Valves and joints shall be paid in number.
III. Water Supply (Internal)
- Pipes: All pipes inside shall be galvanized steel tubes.
- Fittings: The fittings shall be malleable iron galvanized fittings of approved make. The fittings shall include couplings, elbows, bends, tees etc.
- Method of executing: The setting and arrangements of pipes shall be as per the working drawing. All the pipes shall be completely concealed from view. The pipes are cut to size, all screw thread shall be clear and well cut. The end shall be cut cleanly and squared. The pipes are inspected at site before use.
- Testing: All pipes, fittings and valves shall be tested by hydrostatic pressure as follows:
- For medium class pipes: 7.6 kg/sq.cm
- For heavy class pipes: 10.5 kg/sq.cm
- Measurement: GI pipes above ground shall be measured per running meter.
IV. Rates
The rate includes all materials such as pipes, fittings. The rate also include cutting of the pipe, line making, fixing pipes in position, reinstating of all civil work as per civil specification.
This specification shall cover all material and labor required for the installation of sanitary and plumbing fixture.
1. Standards
- IS standards:
- All material shall be best of their kind.
- All samples shall be approved by the engineer.
- A set of specimen samples of all approved materials shall be kept at site as well as in office.
- Each sample shall be accompanied by the manufacture’s specification.
- Workmanship: The workmanship shall be best of its kind and approved by the engineer. It shall confirm to the specification.
2. Sanitary Fixtures and Accessories
General:
- Sanitary ware shall be best quality and approved by engineer. Fixing screws shall be half round head chromium plate brass screws with C.P washers where necessary.
- Sinks for kitchen shall be stainless steel, adjustable mixer type. All fittings and fixtures shall be fixed in a neat workmanlike manner true to level at heights as shown in drawings and in accordance with the manufacture’s recommendations.
- Faulty locations shall be made good and any damage to the finished floor, tiling or terrace shall be made good by the contractor at his own cost.
- The fixtures shall be cleaned and debris and dirt removed. Cold water shall be let in each fixture individually. The fixtures shall then be observed for any leakage or drip at inlet and outlet connections. All defective parts shall be replaced and retested.
a. Fixing (Urinals)
Urinals shall be fixed to wall by concealed hangers, brackets, as required and recommended by manufactures. Each range of urinal shall be provided with good flushing cistern with cover of vitreous china with brackets as specified.
| No. of Urinals in Range | Capacity of Cistern (litres) | Size of Main Flush Pipe (mm) | Size of Branch Pipe (mm) | Size of Distribution Pipe (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One | 5 | – | – | – |
| Two | 10 | 20 | 15 | – |
| Three | 10 | 25 | 15 | – |
| Four | 12.5 | 25 | 15 | 20 |
Painting: The brackets shall be painted with 2 coats of white synthetic enamel paint of approved manufacture over and including a priming coat or red lead.
Measurement: It shall be per urinal set for different ranges as specified in the schedule of quantities.
Rates: The rate shall include the cost of materials and labor involved in all operations as described above.
b. Urinal Partition
- Porcelain partitions: It shall be large size of white vitreous 1st quality. These shall be free from cracks, crazes etc.
- Marble partitions: It shall be of 1″ or ½” thick of approved quality. It shall be of required size and shall be embedded 5″ in wall with cement concrete 1:2:4. These shall confirm to the specification for civil works.
- White glazed channels: They shall be white vitreous china block channels and shall include special bands.
- Chromium accessories: It shall be heavy type fixed to wall by C.P screw.
- Lavatory (Basin): It shall be white vitreous china of 1st quality with three tap holes or with single tap hole, as specified in the bill of quantity. These shall be free from cracks, crazes, blisters and shall have smooth surfaces. They shall be wall mounted units with the heavy C.P bottle trap below.
Mixing fittings: They shall be 12.7 mm dia. C.P brass basin mixing fittings with modern head for hot and cold stop cocks.
Pillar tap: It shall be 12.7 mm dia. C.P brass with modern head.
Angle valve: It shall be 12.7 mm dia. C.P brass with 12.7mm dia. C.P copper supply pipe of 610 mm length and C.P. brass.
Waste: It shall be 32mm dia. C.P brass heavy type.
Fixing: The basin shall be supported on a pair of C.P brackets cantilevering from wall face as directed by engineer.
Measurement: It shall be by numbers.
Rates: It shall include cost of labors and materials mentioned in bill of quantity.
c. Stainless Steel Sink and Drainage Board
They shall be of orient or equivalent imported make of pressured stainless steel 2mm thick sheets and have 32mm dia. outlet with grating on satisfactory testing and commissioning of the fixture, the contractor shall clean all fixtures and accessories by a suitable detergent.
d. Water Closets
- Indian w/c set: Indian w/c pan with integrated foot rests shall be Orissa type as specified in the bill of quantities. Each Indian w/c shall be provided with 100mm dia. cast iron or porcelain ‘P’ or ‘S’ trap with or without vent.
- European w/c set: It shall be of white vitreous 1st quality, double symphonic close ‘P’ or ‘S’ trap with 12 ltrs. capacity porcelain low level cistern including brackets complete in all respect.
- Fixing: w/c pan shall be fixed to the wall with c.p. brass buts bolted onto holding bolts of 250mm long 12mm dia. counter sunk bolts and nuts embedded in the wall concrete mounting arrangements as per the manufacture’s specification.
- The central axis of the pan shall be perpendicular to the finished face of a wall on which the direct flush valve.
- The outlet of the pan shall be centrally placed in the socket of HDPE pipe with a uniform space all around for jointing.
- The distance between centre line of outlet of w/c pan and finished wall face shall be so adjusted as to rest squarely against the finished wall face.
e. Urinals and Partitions
- Urinals: They shall be lipped type of size 465x355x265 mm or large or as specified in the bill of quantities.
- Angle valve: It shall be of 12.7mm dia. main with 12.7mm dia. distribution pipes of required length.
- Bottle trap: It shall be 38mm cast c.p brass heavy type with wall discharge pipe of required length with flange.
- Waste: It shall be dia. c.p brass dome type waste.
- Fixing: These shall be supported on cantilever brackets or placed on wooden or marble counter. The drainage board shall be sloped towards the sink in order to drain out all the water in the sink.
f. Bathroom Fittings
- i. Mirror: It shall be 5.5mm thick plate glass of imported quality shall be free from bubbles, ripples or any other defects. The glass shall be uniformly silver plated at the back.
- Backing: The mirror shall have hard board ground of 6mm thickness, projecting all round confirming to the size of wooden frame.
- Frame: The mirror and its backing shall be fixed on wall face with wooden cleats, with c.p brass screws and washers.
- Measurements: It shall be done by numbers.
- Rate: It shall include cost of labor and all materials involved in all the operations.
- ii. Towel rail: It shall be heavy c.p brass or oxidized bronze as approved by the engineer.
- Fixing: Brackets shall be fixed to wall by means of c.p brass screws to expansion shields firmly embedded in the wall or as directed by the engineer.
- iii. Hooks: It shall be c.p brass or equivalent make as shall be approved by the engineer.
- iv. Soap dish: It shall be of vitreous china or heavy type c.p unless otherwise stated in the bill of quantity.
- v. C.P. fittings: All mixing fittings, additional bib cocks, shall be of the best quality heavy pattern approved by the engineer and conforming to IS 781.
- vi. Shower sets: The set shall comprise of one or two 15mm dia. c.p. concealed stop cocks, 15mm inclined shower arm with wall flange and 60 mm. bud shower rose with swivel joint; concealed stop cocks shall be fixed on one level 4′ above finished floor level.
- vii. Floor traps and gratings: Floor traps shall be cast Aluminum alloy or HCI or HDP as per bill of quantity with a water seal. All waste shall be discharged to the trap. The trap and waste pipes shall be set in cement concrete blocks firmly supported in the structural floor. The blocks shall be in 1:2:4 and extended 1.5″ below finished floor level. Contractor shall provide all necessary shuttering and centering for the blocks. Size of the block shall be 12″x12″ of the required length. The floor finish around the floor trap shall be carefully executed by skilled workmen to provide a perfect finish with slopes.
g. Urinal Traps
It shall be P or S trap as per bill of quantity with or without vent and set in cement concrete blocks.
h. Trap Inlets
Where specified, the contractor shall provide a special type cast iron/HDP inlet hopper without or with one, two or three inlet sockets to receive the waste pipes. Joints between waste and hopper inlet socket shall be lead caulked joint. Floor trap inlet hopper and traps shall be set in cement concrete blocks.
i. C.P. Grating
Floor and urinal traps shall be provided with heavy c.p. brass grating, with rim of approved design and shape. Minimum thickness shall be 1/8″.
PDF Notes: Specification
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