Class 11 English Unit 7 Ecology and Development

Word	Meaning
Constituency	electoral district
Pursue	to follow in an effort to overtake or capture
Infiltrate	to enter or gain access to (an organization, place, etc.) secretly and gradually
Nomadic	living the life of roaming
Anatomy	art of studying the different parts of any organized body
Subversive	seeking or intended to overthrow an established system or institution

Yes, I strongly think that the essay’s title, “Foresters without Diplomas,” is highly appropriate and symbolic. The writer and her team initially summoned the professional foresters to show the local ladies how to grow trees properly. Because they possessed advanced academic degrees, the foresters proved to be very difficult, arrogant, and impractical to work with. They developed overly complicated, textbook ways for coping with outwardly basic tasks such as searching for seeds and growing trees.

Finally, realizing this wasn’t working, the writer and her colleagues instructed the uneducated women on how to do the task using basic traditional common sense, which they accomplished brilliantly. They were able to successfully search the local area for viable seeds and learn to identify native seedlings as they germinate from seeds that had fallen naturally to the ground. These women did not have the same educational opportunities as males or foreign experts, yet they successfully planted millions of trees. Thus, calling these capable women “Foresters without Diplomas” perfectly honors their practical wisdom and monumental achievements.

It’s very easy to feel like one single person can’t possibly make a difference. The world has so many massively big problems, and they often seem entirely impossible to solve. We know that while many common ways to do well—such as becoming a doctor or a teacher—have a less systemic impact than you might first think, others have allowed certain dedicated people to achieve an extraordinary, structural impact. In other words, one person absolutely can make a difference, but you might have to do something a little unconventional or exceptionally brave.

Numerous folks have made outstanding and significant changes, not only for our local society but for the entirety of all people the world over. Some of those historical examples are Dr. Jonas Salk, who heroically found the vaccine that prevented people from contracting Polio, and Thomas Edison, who discovered the incandescent light bulb—a major innovation to society worldwide. In our own society, individuals like Anuradha Koirala have single-handedly saved thousands of girls from trafficking through Maiti Nepal. So we can clearly see that a dedicated person can make a profound, positive difference in the lives of people not only in our society but throughout the world.

The Community Forest in Nepal

The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is recognized as a global innovation in participatory environmental governance that successfully encompasses well-defined policies, local institutions, and sustainable practices. The program efficiently addresses the twin interconnected goals of environmental forest conservation and rural poverty reduction. As more than 70 percent of Nepal’s population depends directly on agriculture for their livelihood, the community management of forests has been a critically important ecological intervention.

Through progressive legislative developments and operational innovations over three decades, the program has intelligently evolved from a strictly protection-oriented, conservation-focused agenda to a much more broad-based strategy for sustainable forest use, local enterprise development, and community livelihood improvement. By April 2009, an impressive one-third of Nepal’s population was actively participating in the program, directly managing more than one-fourth of Nepal’s entire forest area.

The immediate, tangible livelihood benefits derived by rural households bolster strong collective action wherein local communities actively and sustainably manage forest resources. Community forests also became the vital source of diversified investment capital and raw material for new, market-oriented livelihoods. Community forestry clearly shows positive traits of political, financial, and ecological sustainability, including the emergence of a strong legal and regulatory framework, and robust civil society institutions and networks.

However, a continuing administrative challenge is to ensure the equitable distribution of benefits to women, the poor, and marginalized groups. Lessons for global replication strongly emphasize experiential learning, the establishment of a strong civil society network, flexible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities, and the responsiveness of government and policymakers to a multi-stakeholder collaborative learning process.

(Note: Transitive verbs take a direct object; Intransitive verbs do not take an object; Linking verbs connect the subject to a subject complement.)