Chapter 7: Recent Trends in Technology – Class 12 Computer Science Notes

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Chapter 7

Recent Trends in Technology

AI, Cloud Computing, Big Data, VR, E-Commerce & IoT

Complete NEB Class 12 Computer Science notes on Recent Trends in Technology — Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Virtual Reality, E-Commerce, E-Government, Mobile Computing, and IoT — with fully solved MCQs and subjective questions.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Select an option to view the correct answer and justification.

1. What is the goal of Artificial Intelligence?

a) To solve artificial problems

b) To extract scientific causes

c) To explain various sorts of intelligence

d) To solve real-world problems.

Correct Answer: d) To solve real-world problems.
Justification: The core goal of AI is to build systems that can solve real-world problems the way humans would, rather than purely artificial or academic ones.

2. Which of the following is a component of Artificial Intelligence?

a) Learning

b) Training

c) Puzzling

d) Designing

Correct Answer: a) Learning
Justification: Learning is one of the core components of AI (alongside reasoning, cognitive computing, machine learning, and neural networks), allowing systems to improve from experience.

3. Which of the following is not a commonly used programming language for Artificial Intelligence?

a) Perl

b) Java

c) PROLOG

d) LISP

Correct Answer: a) Perl
Justification: LISP and PROLOG were specifically designed for AI research, and Java is widely used for AI development too, but Perl is not a commonly used AI programming language.

4. Which of the following is not an application of Artificial Intelligence?

a) Face recognition system

b) Chatbots

c) LIDAR

d) ADBMS

Correct Answer: d) ADBMS
Justification: Face recognition, chatbots, and LIDAR (used in AI-driven perception systems like self-driving cars) are all AI applications, while ADBMS (a distributed database management system) is a database technology, not an AI application.

5. Which of the following machines requires input from humans but can interpret the outputs themselves?

a) Actuators

b) Sensor

c) Agents

d) AI System

Correct Answer: c) Agents
Justification: An agent perceives its environment through inputs (often supplied or configured by humans) and interprets the resulting output itself to decide on an action.

6. Which of the following can improve the performance of an AI agent?

a) Perceiving

b) Learning

c) Diagnosis

d) All of the mentioned

Correct Answer: d) All of the mentioned
Justification: Perceiving, learning, and diagnosis all contribute to how well an AI agent can sense its environment, improve over time, and identify problems, together improving overall performance.

8. Which of the following is not a type of cloud server?

a) Private cloud servers

b) Public cloud servers

c) Dedicated cloud servers

d) Merged cloud servers

Correct Answer: d) Merged cloud servers
Justification: Private, public, and dedicated cloud servers are recognized cloud deployment types; “merged cloud servers” is not a standard classification (the standard hybrid category is “hybrid cloud,” not “merged”).

9. Which of the following are the features of cloud computing?

a) Security

b) Availability

c) Large Network Access

d) All of the mentioned

Correct Answer: d) All of the mentioned
Justification: Security, availability, and large network access are all recognized core features of cloud computing.

10. Which of the following is the application of cloud computing?

a) Adobe

b) PayPal

c) Google G Suite

d) All of the above

Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Justification: Adobe Creative Cloud, PayPal’s cloud-based payment infrastructure, and Google G Suite (Workspace) are all real-world applications built on cloud computing.

Subjective Questions

1. What is AI? Describe the applications of AI.

A branch of science which deals with helping machines to find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion is called AI.

The applications of AI are:

Game playing: Over the past few years, Artificial Intelligence has become an integral part of the gaming industry. In fact, one of the biggest accomplishments of AI is in the gaming industry.

Speech recognition: It is also known as automatic speech recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition, or speech-to-text. It is a capability which uses natural language processing (NLP) to process human speech into a written format.

Facial Recognition: Favorite devices like our phones, laptops, and PCs use facial recognition techniques by using face filters to detect and identify in order to provide secure access.

AI Application in Robotics: With increasing developments within the field of AI, robots are becoming more efficient in performing tasks that earlier were too complex.

AI application in Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence finds diverse applications in the healthcare sector. AI applications are used in healthcare to build sophisticated machines that can detect diseases and identify cancer cells.

2. What are the components of Artificial Intelligence?

The main components of Artificial Intelligence are as follows:

Learning: There are a number of different forms of learning applied to Artificial Intelligence. The simplest is learning by trial and error. It is one of the essential components of AI.

Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enables us to provide a basis for judgment, making decisions, and prediction.

Cognitive computing: Cognitive computing is all about making inferences from context. It is an essential component of artificial intelligence, which aims to imitate and improve human interaction with machines.

Machine learning: Machine learning is all about learning from experience. This is a component of artificial intelligence that offers systems and applications the ability to learn and enhance from experience.

Neural Network: Neural networks are utilized to make associations among data. They are similar to the neural system of the human brain where neurons create a network in the brain.

3. Write down the features of Artificial Intelligence.

The features of AI are as follows:

Artificial intelligence is a new electronic machine system that stores a large amount of information and processes it at a very high speed.

The computer is interrogated by a human via teletype. In a test done between a computer and a human being, it is said to be passed if the human cannot tell whether there is a computer or a human at the other end.

It has a high ability to solve problems.

It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence.

4. Define Robotics. What are the applications of Robotics?

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Applications of Robotics:

It is broadly used in industry when people are at high risk.

It is used in vehicle and car factory automation.

It is used in bomb diffusion and military operations.

It is broadly used in space.

It can be used as a toy for playing.

5. What is cloud computing? Write down the cloud computing models and deployment models.

Cloud computing architecture consists of two components: “the front end” and “the back end”. The term “Cloud computing” is based on cloud drawings used in the past to represent telephone networks and later to depict the internet.

Fig: Cloud Computing Models

Cloud Computing Models:

Software as a Service (SaaS): In this model, a complete application is offered to the customer as a service on demand. A single instance of the service runs on the cloud and multiple end users are serviced. Today, SaaS is offered by companies such as Google, Salesforce, Microsoft, Zoho, etc.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): Here, a layer of software or development environment is encapsulated and offered as a service, upon which other higher levels of services can be built. The customer has the freedom to build their own applications, which run on the provider’s infrastructure.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides basic storage and computing capabilities as standardized services over the network—servers, storage systems, networking equipment, data center space, etc.

Deployment Models:

Public Cloud: Public clouds are owned and operated by third parties; they deliver superior economies of scale to customers, as the infrastructure costs are spread among a mix of users, giving each individual client an attractive, low-cost, “pay as you go” model.

Private Cloud: A private cloud is a computing model that offers a proprietary environment dedicated and accessible to a single business entity.

Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid clouds combine both public and private cloud models. With a Hybrid Cloud, service providers can utilize 3rd party cloud providers in a full or partial manner, thus increasing the flexibility of computing.

6. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud computing.

Advantages:

Reduced cost: There are a number of reasons to attribute cloud technology with lower costs. The billing model is pay as per usage; the infrastructure is not purchased, thus lowering maintenance.

Increased storage: With the massive infrastructure that is offered by cloud providers today, storage and maintenance of large volumes of data is a reality.

Flexibility: This is an extremely important characteristic. With enterprises having to adapt even more rapidly to changing business conditions, speed to deliver is critical.

Backup and recovery: Data stored in the cloud helps us to auto-backup and recover instantly. As we change the data, the system changes itself.

Mobility: Cloud computing allows us to access our data via smartphones and devices, which is a great way to ensure that nobody is left out of updated data.

Disadvantages:

Risk of data confidentiality: There is always a risk that user data can be accessed by other people. To prevent it, there must be a high level of security.

Internet connection dependency: Since the cloud is on the internet, whatever we save gets saved on the internet. To access our data, the internet connection must be of higher bandwidth.

Level of security: Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards and industry certifications, storing data and important files on external service providers always opens up risks.

Downtime: Downtime is often cited as one of the biggest disadvantages of cloud computing. Since cloud computing systems are internet-based, service outages are always an unfortunate possibility and can occur for any reason.

Cost concerns: Adopting cloud solutions on a small scale and for short-term projects can be perceived as being expensive. However, the most significant cloud computing benefit is in terms of IT cost savings.

7. What is big data? Write down the types of big data.

Big data refers to the large, diverse sets of information that grow at ever-increasing rates. Big data refers to data that is so large, fast, or complex that it’s difficult or impossible to process using traditional methods.

Types of Big Data:

Structured: Any data that can be stored, accessed, and processed in the form of a fixed format is termed ‘Structured’ data. For example, the data that is present within a database.

Unstructured: Any data with an unknown form of structure is classified as unstructured data. A typical example of unstructured data is a heterogeneous data source containing a combination of simple text files, images, videos, etc.

Semi-Structured: It refers to the data that does not have a proper structure associated with it. For example, the data present within emails, log files, and Word documents can be referred to as semi-structured data.

8. Write down the characteristics of Big data.

The characteristics of big data are as follows:

Volume: The volume defines the size of the data that gets collected and stored. Size of data plays a very crucial role in determining value out of data.

Velocity: The term ‘velocity’ refers to the speed of generation of data.

Variety: The different sources and forms from which data is collected, such as number, text, video, images, audio, and text.

Variability: This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times.

9. Write a short note on: Virtual Reality

The word “Virtual” means near and “Reality” means what we experience as human beings. So the term “Virtual Reality” basically means “near reality”.

Virtual Reality is the term used to describe a computer-generated environment which can be explored and interacted with by a person. Virtual Reality for learning is best used to give students experiences of things that they cannot experience in the real world.

10. Write the types of Virtual reality and explain its application.

The types of virtual reality are as follows:

Non-immersive Virtual Reality

Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality

Fully Immersive Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality Applications:

VR in military: VR is employed for military purposes like simulations of flights, vehicles, and the battlefield, medic training, to create a virtual boot camp, and so on.

VR in Education: VR is also deployed in the education sector for teaching and learning scenarios. It aids the students in conversing together.

VR in sports: VR is also adopted to serve as a training aid for assisting in assessing athletic performance and examining techniques.

VR in Entertainment: VR is being used in the entertainment industry to heighten experiences with 360 films (examples on YouTube) and increase emotional connection with the character of the film itself.

VR in Architecture: VR is gradually changing the way that architects design and experiment with their work. VR makes it possible to see not just what a building or space will look like but how it will feel.

11. What is E-commerce? Explain its types.

E-Commerce means doing business over an interconnected network. It helps in doing business electronically, by bringing buyers and sellers together. The main platforms of e-commerce are the internet, email, fax, and telephone orders.

Types of E-Commerce:

B2C – Business to consumer: B2C businesses sell to their end-user. Anything you buy in an online store as a consumer—think wardrobe, household supplies, entertainment—is done as part of a B2C transaction. Example: Zappos.com.

B2B – Business to business: In a B2B business model, a business sells its product or service to another business. Sometimes the buyer is the end-user, but often the buyer resells to the consumer.

C2B – Consumer to business: C2B businesses allow individuals to sell goods and services to companies. In this e-commerce model, a site might allow customers to post the work they want to be completed and have businesses bid for the opportunity.

C2C – Consumer to consumer: C2C represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction.

12. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of E-Commerce.

Advantages:

Faster buying/selling procedures, as well as easy to find products.

Buying/selling 24/7.

Low operational cost and better quality services.

No need for physical company setups.

Easy to start and manage a business.

Disadvantages:

Anyone, good or bad, can easily start a business.

There are many bad websites which can take your money.

There is no guarantee of product quality.

13. Write a short note on: E-business, E-learning, E-medicine.

E-business: E-business (Electronic Business) is the administration of conducting business through the internet. This includes the buying and selling of goods and services, along with providing technical or customer support through the internet.

E-learning: E-learning is education through the internet or a network of computers. E-learning is essentially the network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn.

E-medicine: Innovation in computer and telecommunication technology allows the practice of medicine when the patient and doctor are geographically separated; this essentially is e-medicine. E-medicine is not a specific technique or piece of equipment; it is a process of delivering healthcare services.

14. What is E-government? Explain its types.

Electronic Government is the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) for delivering government services through integration of various systems between government and citizens.

Types of E-government:

Government to Citizen (G2C): It is the online non-commercial interaction between local and central government with private individuals. The public can get a license or marriage certificate from the government.

Government to Business (G2B): It includes the dissemination of policies, rules, and regulations.

Government to Employee (G2E): It includes the provision of human resources, trainings, and development.

Government to Government (G2G): It is the online non-commercial interaction between government organizations and other government authorities.

15. Define mobile computing. Write the characteristics of mobile computing.

Mobile computing is the ability to use computing capability without a pre-defined location and connection to a network to publish and subscribe to information.

The characteristics of mobile computing are as follows:

Portability

Social Interactivity

Context sensitivity

Connectivity

Individual

Small Size

Wireless connectivity

16. Write the advantages and disadvantages of mobile computing.

Advantages:

Increased productivity

Entertainment